the path forward to sustainable cities · selected cities target share for renewables (%) target...

The path forward to

Sustainable Cities

1

Ed Groark

CITIES ARE CHALLENGED

IN THE 21ST CENTURY:

GROWTH: URBAN POPULATIONS WITH DOUBLE BY 2050

RESILIENCE: RESPONDING TO THE CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS

GHG MITIGATION: REDUCING CARBON EMISSIONS TO EASE CLIMATE

CHANGES

HUMAN EQUITY: FINDING EQUITABLE LIFESTYLES FOR ALL

GROWTH: URBAN POPULATIONS DOUBLE BY 2050

RESILIENCE: RESPONDING TO CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS

GHG MITIGATION: REDUCING THEIR GHG EMISSIONS

LIFESTYLES: IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE FOR ALLTY

CITIES HAVE NETWORKED

GROWTH: URBAN POPULATIONS WITH DOUBLE BY 2050

RESILIENCE: RESPONDING TO THE CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS

GHG MITIGATION: REDUCING

HUMAN EQUITY: FINDING EQUITABLE LIFESTYLES FOR ALL

MAYORS HAVE FORMED GLOBAL PEER GROUPS

ICLEI, C40, USDN, ETC.

THEY ARE SOLVING PROBLEMS AS PEERS

GLOBAL BRAIN TRUST OF IDEAS AND PROGRESS

THE MOST DRAMATIC PLEDGE FOR CHANGE:

REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS BY 80% BY 2050

100 CITIES WORLDWIDE HAVE MADE THIS PLEDGE

HUMAN EQUITY

REDUCING GHG 80% BY 2050

GROWTH: URBAN POPULATIONS WITH DOUBLE BY 2050

RESILIENCE: RESPONDING TO THE CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS

GHG MITIGATION: REDUCING

HUMAN EQUITY: FINDING EQUITABLE LIFESTYLES FOR ALL

TO MEET THIS CHALLENGE CITIES MUST

ADDRESS SEVERAL SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES:

TRANSPORTATION

BUILDING EFFICIENCY

WASTE PROCESSING

ENERGY PRODUCTION

PROBLEM:

TRANSPORTATION

OVER-DEPENDENCE ON

AUTOMOBILES

MODERN

ROADS BUILT

ON ANCIENT

MAPS

OVER

DEPENDENCE

ON PERSONAL

CARS

NEED TO

TRAVEL

LONGER

DISTANCES

Image credits: Dolores Hayden, A Field Guide to Sprawl (Norton, 2004); Yann Arthus-Bertrand

SPRAWL

Mumbai

Hong KongSeoul

Bangkok

Beijing

Tokyo Cairo

Tunis

BarcelonaBerlin

London

Rome

Paris

Sydney

Los Angeles

Vancouver

San Francisco

New York

Houston

Atlanta

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

URBAN DENSITY(1,000s of inhabitants per square kilometer)

PE

R C

AP

ITA

PR

IVA

TE

PA

SS

EN

GE

R E

NE

RG

Y U

SE

Source: Peter Newman and Jeffrey Kenworthy, The End of Automobile Dependence (Island Press, 2015).

(Gig

ajo

ule

sper

year)

SOLUTIONS:

NEW OPTIONS

EVOLVING QUICKLY

CONGESTION CHARGES – PAY LANES

HOV LANES

HIGH CAR REGISTRATION CHARGES

PARKING LIMITATIONS

ALTERNATE DAY PERMITS

DISCOURAGE AUTOMOBILES

ENCOURAGE NEW IDEAS

GROWTH: URBAN POPULATIONS WITH DO

BLE BY 2050

RESILIENCE: RESPONDING TO THE CLIME DISRUPTIONS

GHG MITIGATION: REDUCING

HUMAN EQUITY: FINDING EQUITABLE LIFESTYLES FOR ALL

CARS AS SERVICES

METROS (SUBWAYS)

BUS RAPID TRANSIT

BIKE SHARING SYSTEMS

WHAT’S COMING?

1 SHARED CAR

REPLACES 15

OWNED CARS

CAN SAVE USER

UP TO $5k PER

YEAR

1,000+ CITIES

30+ COUNTRIES

PARTICIPANTS

1995: 15,000

2014: 4.9 MILLION

2020: 12 MILLION

Source: (NAVIGANT RESEARCH); Image credits: en.wikipedia.org

METRO

(SUBWAY) BIKE SHARING

Image credits: Michael Renner

CITY BUS

&

BUS RAPID TRANSIT

(BRT)

METRO OPENINGS BY DECADE1863-2015

0

50

100

150

200

0

10

20

30

40

1860s 1910s 1960s 2010-15

By Decade

Cumulative

Source: UITP

Image Credit: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, www.itdp.org (Quito, Ecuador, BRT)

BRT

Source: http://brtdata.org

GROWTH IN BUS RAPID

TRANSIT SYSTEMS1968-2015

0

50

100

150

200

250

0

5

10

15

20

New Cities

Cumulative

Image credits: www.scmp.com; www.ilgiorno.it; en.wikipedia.org; www.underconsideration.com; M. Renner

CHICAGO

MILAN

VIENNA AMSTERDAM

BEIJING MELBOURNE

CARS BECOME ‘SERVICES’

DECLINE OF THE PERSONAL CAR

• CAR SHARING (ZIPCAR, CAR2GO)• NEW TAXI OPTIONS (UBER, LYFT)• AUTONOMOUS CARS (SOON!)

RISE OF INTEGRATED SERVICES

• PROVIDE BETTER EXPERIENCE, LESS COST

• URBAN AUTO CONGESTION WILL FADE

INTEGRATING THE SERVICES

PROBLEM:

BUILDINGS

BUILDINGS WASTE

ENERGY & MATERIALS

Image credit: www.businessinsider.com

SOLUTIONS:

HOW CITIES ARE

RESPONDING

Image credits: www.spiegel.de; www.greenbuildingadvisor.com; IRENA Headquarters, UAE:

www.gulfnews.com; Bullitt Center, Seattle: Joe Mabel, commons.wikimedia.org

OLD & NEW

BUILDINGS

Source: Building Codes Assistance Project, http://energycodesocean.org/code-status-international-residential

Image credit: www.best-techs.org

COOL ROOFS

Image credit: www.badische-seiten.de (Freiburg, Germany)

SOLAR ROOFS

Image credits: landarchs.com; www.greenrooftechnology.com; www.dublinglobe.com;

http://livingarchitecturedaily.blogspot.com; www.lunetten.nl

DUBLIN

SINGAPORE

UTRECHT

ZAPOPAN,

MEXICO

CHICAGO

BIODIVERSITY

STORMWATER

URBAN FOOD

ENERGY

LAYERS OF EFFICIENCIES:

LED LIGHTING CAN SAVE 90%

‘SMART BUILDINGS’ SAVE 30%

IMPROVED EFFICIENCY OF NEW HVAC

TIGHTER BUILDING CODES

ROOFS: GREEN, SOLAR PV, SOLAR HOT WATER

USE OF RECYCLED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

USE OF RECYCLED FINISHES AND FURNISHINGS

PROBLEM:

WASTE

SEWER WASTE AND FOOD

WASTE GENERATE GHG

FOOD WASTE AND SEWAGE RELEASE

METHANE INTO THE AIR

INPUT:

SOLID SEWAGE, FOOD WASTE, AGRICULTURAL WASTE

OUTPUTS:

BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY OR CITY TRANSPORTATION,

CONVERTS METHANE TO CO2

RICH COMPOST FOR HIGH CARBON SEQUESTRATION

OVERALL REMOVES GHG FROM THE AIR

ANAEROBIC DIGESTOR

PROBLEM:

ENERGY

CITIES RUN ON

DIRTY ENERGY

Image credits: arogyamasthu.com; thesaltcollective.org

Image credit: news.asiantown.net

CLEANER POWER

CLEANER ELECTRICITY

–UTILITIES TRANSITION RENEWABLES

CLEANER TRANSPORTATION

–ELECTRIC CARS, BIOFUELS

CLEANER HOT WATER

–ROOFTOP SOLAR

SELECTED CITIESTARGET SHARE FOR

RENEWABLES (%)

TARGET

YEAR

ASPEN, U.S. 100 2015

SAN FRANCISCO, U.S.;

MALMÖ, SWEDEN

100 2020

SAN JOSE, U.S. 100 2022

MUNICH, GERMANY 100 2025

VANCOUVER, CANADA 100 2050

WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND 78-90 2020

AUSTIN, U.S. 35 2020

AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 25 2025

TOKYO 20 2024

CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA 15 2020

RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY TARGETS

Source: Betsy Agar, Renewable Cities (Vancouver)

Image credits: beginwiththebin.org; mlive.com; energy-photos.com

ISRAEL:

OLDEST

MANDATORY

ORDINANCE

BARCELONA:

1ST EUROPEAN

CITY

ORDINANCE

LANDFILL GAS

FUELS BUSES

& GENERATES

POWER

LINKOPING, SWEDEN LILLE, FRANCE

Image credits: Getty Images; permaculturenews.org; metaefficient.com

DEZHOU:

MILLION ROOF

PROJECT (2008)

ISRAEL:

OLDEST

MANDATORY

ORDINANCE

BARCELONA:

1ST EUROPEAN

CITY

ORDINANCE

SUMMARY:

Cities are

moving together

- quickly

An urban population may

be a more sustainable

population after all

City

governments

seeking clean

AND livable

outcomes