the plant world and genetic engineering
Post on 11-Feb-2016
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The Plant World The Plant World and and
Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering
Jana Klose, Greg LampardUBC Biotechnology LaboratoryUBC Biotechnology Laboratory
Part IPart ITransgenic PlantsTransgenic Plants
• Biotechnology in the pastBiotechnology in the past– making bread and cheese, brewing beer– crossbreeding plants
What Is Biotechnology?What Is Biotechnology?• Harnessing the natural biological processes Harnessing the natural biological processes
of living systems for the benefit of mankindof living systems for the benefit of mankind
• Modern biotechnologyModern biotechnology– genetic engineering
Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering• The process of manipulating and transferring The process of manipulating and transferring instructions carried by genes from one cell to anotherinstructions carried by genes from one cell to another
Why do scientists want to change gene Why do scientists want to change gene instructions?instructions?
• to produce needed chemicals• to carry out useful processes• to give an organism desired characteristics
DNA IS DNA IS EVERYWHERE EVERYWHERE
• GenesGenes = the coding system for instructions• A geneA gene = is a segment of DNA
Guanine(G)
Cytosine(C)
Adenine(A)
Thymine(T)
bases DNA
DNA and GenesDNA and Genes
gene
Genes and ProteinsGenes and Proteins
Gene(a piece of DNA)
traitprotein
translationtranslation
mRNA
transcriptiontranscription
Restriction enzymesRestriction enzymes
As As biological biological scissorsscissors
Plant Genetic EngineeringPlant Genetic Engineering
Transgenic PlantsTransgenic Plants• the product of plant genetic engineering
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
• the label for transgenic plants Genetically Engineered Organism (GEO) Genetically Engineered Organism (GEO)
Plant Genetic Engineering ProcessPlant Genetic Engineering Process
Cell
Extracted DNA
Cell divisionTransgenic plant
A single gene
Transformation
Plant cell
How are Transgenic Plants How are Transgenic Plants Produced?Produced?
• Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciens• Gene Gun / BiolisticsGene Gun / Biolistics
• ElectroporationElectroporation
Commonly Used Methods:Commonly Used Methods:
Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti plasmid
AgrobacteriumGenomic DNA
Plant cellGenomic DNA
(carries the gene of the gene of interestinterest)
+
Ti plasmid with the gene of interest
Gene of interest
Empty plasmid
Restriction enzyme AA Restriction
enzyme AA
Agrobacterium
Ti plasmid with the new gene
Plant cell
cell’s DNA
Transgenic plant Cell division
The new gene
+ Transformation
Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciens
““Gene Gun” TechniqueGene Gun” TechniqueDNA coated
golden particles
Gene gun
Cell division
A plant cell withthe new gene
Transgenic plant
Plant cell
Cell’s DNA
Duracell
DNA containingthe gene of interest
Plant cell
Protoplast
Electroporation Electroporation TechniqueTechniquePower supply
DNA inside the plant cell
The plant cell withthe new gene
Next Generation of Transgenic Next Generation of Transgenic CropsCrops
• Plant-based vaccines Plant-based vaccines • Enhanced nutritional contentEnhanced nutritional content• Functional foods and phytoceuticalsFunctional foods and phytoceuticals• Transgenic plants for phytoremediationTransgenic plants for phytoremediation• Plant-derived plastics and polymers Plant-derived plastics and polymers
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