the policy “garbage can” group 6 cindy benitez alejandra guillen tiffanie morgan casey nicholson...
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The Policy “Garbage Can”
Group 6Cindy Benitez
Alejandra GuillenTiffanie MorganCasey Nicholson
Lillian ToTina Yang
Outline
Definition Cohen, March, & Olsen Kingdon
Problems Definition Indicators Problem Process
Solutions Process Stages
Participants Criticisms & Comparisons Cases / Movie Clip
What is the Policy “Garbage Can”?
According to Cohen, March, & Olsen* Attempt to describe
decision making in organizations
Unreliable & ambiguous process for selecting courses of action
Choice opportunity into which various problems & solutions are dumped by participants
According to Kingdon 3 major process
streams Problem recognition Formation & refining
of policy proposals Politics
Solutions developed whether or not they respond to a problem
Streams couple at critical junctures, which produces the greatest agenda change
* Gortner, Mahler, & Nicholson. Organization Theory. 1987.
Problems
DefinitionProblems vs. Conditions
When do conditions become problems?
ValuesShould the government take action?
ComparisonAre we equal in comparison to other nations?
CategoriesAre people’s perception of a problem affected by the category it is placed in?
Problems, cont.
Indicators Monitoring Systematic: Rates & Costs Studies Events, Crises, & Symbols Fluctuation
The Process? Recognition of the Problem Interpret the indicators and establish the magnitude
of the problem Presenting the problem in the most effective
manner.
Solutions: The Policy Process
Policy Communities Fragmentation Consequences
Policy fragmentation Close knit community = common
outlooks, orientations, & ways of thinking Instability
Solutions, cont.
“The Soup” Incentives
Promotion of personal interests Promote values or affect shape of public policy Policy groupies
Origins, Mutations, & Recombination Softening up
Introducing a bill Bureaucratic channels Floating trial balloons
Solutions, cont.
Criteria For Survival Technical Feasibility
Eliminate inconsistencies “actually”
Value Acceptability Liberal-conservative dimensions Concepts of equity & efficiency
Future Constraints Budget constraint Public acquiescence
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
AGENDA BUILDING
POLICY FORMULATION
BUDGETING
IMPLEMENTATION
EVALUATION
POLICY ADOPTION
Participants
Government Executive Legislative Judicial
Policy Communities Media
Criticisms
Has not been studied as much as the other models
Its implications on policy still not known
No known limits of organized anarchy
Comparisons
Garbage Can Model Rational Model Incremental Model
Garbage Can Model
The search of alternatives allows for more creativity and a larger set of alternatives
Analysis not different from the decision making process
Final choice made varies
Rational Model
Search assumed to be part of the task of policy making
Examines alternatives and identifies the most cost efficient one
Choose the program that is most efficient
Incremental Model
Search process is limited, unsystematic, and controlled too much by outside players
Alternative examined by the way it distributes benefits
Select the policy that supports a group of participants
Medicare
Case Study
Problems
Poverty among elderly Equity issue:
75% of citizens <65 had HI <50% of 65+ had HI
Health costs continued to rise
Political Solutions
President Kennedy, interest groups, Congressmen had proposals for health care.
Issue was on the agenda. Had substantial econ. growth after
1964 tax cut, thus new expenditure was much easier.
Political Stream
Public Mood: positive, agreed with Medicare Election results
AMA lost many of its supporters in 1964 election Congress: heavy Democrat majority in 1964
election President Johnson
Extremely popular: elected by over 60% Persuasive leader, formerly majority leader of Senate.
Choice Opportunities
The separate parts came together: “a problem is recognized, a solution is
available, the political climate makes the time right for change, and the constraints do not prohibit action” (Kingdon, p.88)
and Medicare, a large new program, was enacted in 1964
Civil Rights Act
Case Study
Problems
A struggle for equality in America. Eliminating discrimination and segregation
practiced by the government—in voting and public education.
Discrimination in public and private life—transportation, parks, stores, restaurants, business, employment and housing.
Policy Solutions
14th Amendment passed by Congress after the Civil War and ratified in 1868 declares:
All persons born or naturalized in the United States,…,are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;…nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Interpreted as “separate but equal doctrine”
Policy Solutions, cont.
Civil Rights Act of 1875—later declared unconstitutional in 1883
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Brown vs. Topeka, 1954 Landmark case Busing and Racial Balancing in Schools
Policy Solutions, cont.
1957 President Eisenhower sent in military forces to stop segregation at Little Rock’s Central High School
1962 President JFK sent in federal troops to enforce desegregation at the University of Mississippi
1964- Civil Rights Act—Congress entered the civil rights field in support of court efforts to achieve desegregation
Important Civil Rights Documents
Emancipation Proclamation 14th Amendment Brown vs. Topeka Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1968
Political Players
Supreme Court President Eisenhower Federal Troops Martin Luther King Jr. President Kennedy Congress
Movie Clip
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