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5100352e237db 66.130.142.233 Canada
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FOREWORDbookto
HIS
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al
FOREWORD
hose
architects
whose
works
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to
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of
this
book,
the
authoror
edge acknowl-
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assistance
connected
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certain Messrs.H.
illustrations.H.D.
These
acknowledgments T. R.
clude
Eberlein,Braun
W."the
Price,
Juliand
ckly,
W.
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Company,matter
chitecturalthanks
In duequote
of
text,
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are
to
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Churchman
for portion
ous court
permission**
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d
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rtain
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**The
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Pointand
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ture," Architec-
Building
Inherent
tie Qua
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Materials."
C.
Matiagk
Pbiob
CONTENTSPARTIA
PRACTICAL
GUIDE
TG
STYLESPAGB
ABCHZTBCItrBB
The
Nature
of Architecture The Value andnota
and
its Place of
as
Part
of
a
LiberalAppreciation.
Education.
Benefit
Architectural
Architecture of Architecture Historic ThbEyoLunoN
Technical
Subject.
Some of
Fundamentals
Architecture. Dependentupon
UnderstandingAcquaintance
ModemPast
with
Styles.of
Architecture
The
Growthof
of Egypt,
the
GreatofAssyna,
Architectural
Styles. of Rome.
The
tecture ArchiBysan-
of
Greece,
tine The
and
Romanesqueof
Architecture.Architecture
Eyolution
(Continued)Renaissance of those Architecture. Two and A Styles
Gothic Studyin TheA
Architecture of the Differing
and
Expressions Belgium,
Great
Italy,
France, Ideal of the
Spain,
England
Germany.
ClassicStudy
Immortal in of
QualitiesSeveral
of
Classic
Architecture. Reviyals. The of
Its
Manifestations Place
''Classic"Architecture ofthe
ImportantPublic and Btiantine, The
ClassicSchool
in Beavx-ArU,
the
Designits
Buildings.its
The
ings Teach-
Wide
Influence.and
Romanesque ''Romanesque
Gothicin
DbriyationbAmerica.
10
Revival"
The of To-day.
Place
of
Romanesque Derivations,in
Styles
in
the
Architecture
Gothic and
Ecclesiastical,
Collegiate,
Military
lar Secu-
America. Derivations, Earltand
English Theon
Modern
13
Importance,
Causes Architecture.
and
Meaning
of
English
Influences
AmericanThe
The of
Anglo-American
Countryture. Architec-
House.
Adaptability
English
Collegiate
Latin
Dbrivationb
in
American
Architecture
15 France
Architectural
Types
AdaptedVilla inAmerica.
from
Italy, TheFrench
and Placein
Spain. of Italian
The
Italian
Important Influences
RenaissanceModem
Architecture.
CSiAteaux,
City
Houses
and from
Hotels.
Little
Appreciated
Architectural
Legacy
Spain*5
CONTENTS
I.
Native
AmericanAmerican Types
Abchxtbctubb
CharacteristicStates,
ofThe
New
England, Creole Work Some
The andin
Middle Spanish the Middleon
Atlajitic
and
South. ''Secessionist'' Idea'' and
Colonial West, the
Architecture.
the
"Craftsman
ments Com-
Bungalow.
IX.
Architectural New
Addenda
Stylesto
AppliedNew
to
Familiar *'UAH The The
Uses,Notweau,"
and The House, Hotel,
Old
Styles
Appliedand
Used.
ists" "Secession-
"Modernists."The
City Modem
The the
Officement Apart-
Building,House
Loft and
Building, the
Great
Railroad
Terminal.
PARTA
nTO
PRACTICAL
GUIDE
BUILDINa
TER
P
I.
The
Selection
of
Location,
Sttle,
Material
and
tect Archi-
Style
from
Viewpointsetc.
of
RelationLocal
to
Site, and
Material,Localan
eral GenLabour
Appropriateness,
Materials
Conditions.II.Architectand
Foresight
and
Advice.
Choosing
Architect.
Clientisa
BuildingArchitect.Architect
Business Nature
Transaction. of should the
How
to
Consult
the
The
Architect'sRightly
Services.Expect "Extras,"
What from theetc.
andBasis
ClientofDrawings
each
Other. ArchitecturalMaterials
Charges,and
Supervision, Specifications.
III.
and
Construction of PhysicalNatures,
Consideration Materials.etc.,
and
Properties
.Esthetic Suitability,
ing of BuildCosts, of Texture.
Comparative
of
Building
Materials.
The Materials
Importance
Associated Plans
SuitabilityDetails
of
and
Styles.
rV.
and
Differentofon
Kindsin
of Plans.Developing Doors,Tiim
Importance
of Plans
a
DefiniteDetails.etc.
MethodNotes
Procedure
Both Chimneys,
and
Windows, Interior
Stairways, Hardware,Best
work, Wood-
andetc.
Finish, The
Lightingin
andto
Plumbing
Fixtures, theFulfilment
Manner.
which
Insure
of
Requirements.
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and Figure,
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PART
LPAGE
Towers
ical
of American
the
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of
Langeaisof
1
the
Style
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the Temple Porch
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and
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Building
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ek
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3
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of
the
(lomc),Stator,
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Athens
3
Connthian
Temple
Arch
of Cathedral
Constantine,of
of RomeMark,
3
3
St.of
Venice
3
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St.
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3
l
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3
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4
ocal
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4
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5
England
5
tmmster St.
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teway,
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rway of
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rway
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urtyflurd
of Hall,at
de
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Church CathedrahofPuerta
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Palace PaLwTO
of della of ofthe the
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ItalyItaly
urtyard
Palasso Vatican.
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lonnade ChurchofEntrance
Rome.della of the
Italy
rway
"tf S. Maria Library the Whitehall,
Salute,Cathedral
Venice,of
Italy Sienna, Italy
Paul's
of Cathedral,
London, England
England
London, in
ssic
Deriyations
Modem
American
Bank
Buildings
(Two
Examples)New^York New
atyHarvardLaw
Post
Office School,
Cambridge,
Mass
WaterTea-House
Temple of Arch,Museum
at
SunoL
California Design,on
Claasic
a
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Island
(N.
Y.)
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ofBois
the
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du
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ouse
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omia Redwood, of Native of School of the Austrian Shop-front in a Parisian
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mish
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27
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f
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27
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29 Textureas an
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29
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m
Country
House
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31
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of the Real-Estatethe
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324
oi pplication
in
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Villm"
Letchworth,
England.. .
324
of Architecture
Utifitarian
Bufldings
in
a
C3alifomia
Power-house
(two
views)
826
PART
I
PRACTICAL
GUIDE
TO
STYLES
E OF
PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURECHAPTERAECHITECTURE
BOOK
I
NATUREA
OF
ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION. APPRECIATION.THE
AND
ITSVALUE
PLACEAND
AS
PART
UBERAL
BENEFIT
ARCHITECTURALA
ARCHITECTURESOME
T
TECHNICAL
SUBJECT.UNDERSTANDING
FUNDAMENTALSOF
ARCHITECTURE.DEPENDENTHISTORIC
MODERN
CHITECTUREPAST
UPON
ACQUAINTANCE
TH
STYLES
attempt
to
define of and
architecture,
or
art,
is
to
falFew
into
theare
danger safe,
dealingthe
in
catch-phrases.themaremore' '
itionsaccurate.
best has
of
clever theart
Architecture' '
been
called
o
ing
beautifully epigrammaticfrom
which, definitions.
perhaps,The
is
as
valuablehas
as
attemptan
been
the
time
of
Vitruvius,that
and
early
English
r,
paraphrasing hath andterse
classic
authority,
states
that
l-building
three' '
conditions: it wouldso
Commodity,be
essany
Delight.
Perhaps
hard
t
characterisation"
accurately should
applicable beappropriate
ll
architectureto
that
a
building built, and
its
use,
strongly
pleasing
to
look
This
interestinga
statement,
however,
couldalthough the aim
not
alled,
exactly,usa
definition
of
architecture, ideaof
ives
reasonably
clear
and
se
of
architecture.anyone
Takingof
of
thesethe
three world
essentials wouldhave
alone
as
aim
architecture,
been,15
and
nld
beofof the
to-day,architecture
a
heavy if had* '
loser.Commodityalwayselevatorstouse,
Conceive' '
firstthe
pect
or
intended governing
buildingfactor.
beenGrain
its and and
sole
chitectural primarily
factoriesalso
ilt
with**
a
view
include
cond
essential third,
ofhowever,
Firmness,"
but
ignorewhichhas
the
thirbeen
The
the that
building
autifullya
designedone
ititwere
is
*'
a
Delight,"
would built,
t
short-livedone
if
not
firmly
and
eless
if it served
no
purpose.
We
must
thinkintoasa
of
architecture,monumental
then,or
regardless
s divisions
domestic,
ecclesiastical
ildings,
perfect strength
co-relation
of
the
three certaintwo, may
essentialstypesmay
suitability,one
and
beauty.
Inor
ilding
of
these
considerations, each ofthe
somewha
overbalance"importance.must
three
not
h
ual
Generallytake cognisanceconstantly ofanya' '
speaking,
however,
tect arch
ofin
all, mind
and inwe
byour
keeping
ree
essentials
individual
nsiderationtheoutset
given
building,of
will
establis
om
certain''
basisor
universal
application,
gardless
of *'Whatpurpose?
style
any
othera
detail.
Wethist
will
rselves:itst
kindDoesor
ofits
building
isexpress
Whathis
design itsin
p
Is
it well-built,Isit
is
constructionits
cheap
shonest?are
pleasing
form
and
detail?
ese
basic of
considerations whetheror
of designed
significance, in;
entire
dependent
it be
the
stylewe
of
alian
Renaissanceata
Moderna
French
whether
okingIt
church
or
theatre. circumstanceto
is
anan
interestingopportunity
that adaptationsthe
this"
country
fords
study"
in
man
ses
excellent
adaptations
of
architectural Architecturally,
sty
f
all
countries
and
all
periods.
THE
TOWERS
OF
THE
CHiTEAU
OF
LANGB;
A
TYPICAL ERRONEOUSLY
AMERICAN
DWELLING. CALLED
OF
THEANNE"
STYLE
"QUEENw
AboTs
ud
behiod
our
moil
JntimsM
"rchiteclure.make
wdt
u
our
more
im
should vti'tiDr^'ll^'uiiiiterHt'wblcb
itwlMtlt
^t^vory
intclli
"
K
i-a
I
as
racially,
Americanoone
has
beenin
thethis
melting-pot.countrywe no
hasnotone
been
style,
because"
people,
but
many
there
has
been
^andaswe
al
American
architecture,out,
a
notedno no* '
architect
recent
pointedno
because
haveor
typicaltypical' '
climate
merica,This,further
typicalis
landscapea
tion. civilisatopursue
however,at
question
of
style,
h
this
point
would
be
to
depart
from
d At
generalities.theoutset
it
seems
a
part ofsome
of
this
work of
to
point
forcibly
the
importanceand appreciation
degreethe
general
rstanding
ofusor
broadcome
principles inarts.
architecture.
Manyor
of
seldom otherorwe
contact
paintings,obligedwe
sculpture,to
finefollowcannot
We
are
to
listen
music
to
the fail
drama.tosee
go
out-doors,everywhere"
however,
dings
^buildings
good,allare
bad
and
indif-
nt.
Someparticular.
are
important,
interesting thing isnever
inso
Theonly
unfortunate
that trained
peopleto
see see
buildings,
andThe
have aspect
selvesapart
architecture.any
of of ofto
buildings,theour
e
from
individualinseparably
interestsa
prospective
builder, thata
is
so
part
daily
s
it would
seem
highlyon
desirable the"
develop of
at
t
high-school Architecture
course
appreciation special'*us
tecture archi"
is not confronting when Classics,a a
a
subjectturn.
^it
i
niversal Therewas
subjecta
at
every
time^ *
knowledge' '
ofan
architecture,part
ther
with education
the
formed Thefine
important and houses
the
of ofmany
gentleman.
statelymanor
classical
dignity Southwasowners
ofmore
theto
old
of
duethan
thetaste
architecturalofthe
education
their
to
the
master-builders.
mas2
Jefferson
made
the
actual
drawings
for
18' '
THE
PRACTICAL' '
BOOK
OF
ARCHITECTURE
Monticello,
versity well as for the buildings of the Uninot an architect, but archiof Virginia. He was tecture had been part of his education. To-day thereasmen
who, between business and social activities, would have time to draw the plans for their houses, if they had the ability. The architect is better even equipped for this work ; but an architectural education,are
few
intelligent and effecslight,would assure tive To most of the architect's work. understanding the architect's work is far more people mysterious and than that of the lawyer or the doctor, incomprehensible while it should by all rights be readily and intelligentlyno
matter
how
understood. It is assumed that anyone about to build becomes, of a perforce, interested in architecture, but by reason late interest, and no personal basis of architectural conviction, he is obliged either to make a hasty and halfor considered survey of the subject, to accept the varied and usually conflicting architectural advices of his in this better equipped no are friends, many of whom direction than he. His very ignorance makes him suspicious design for him a building that the architect may he will not like, whereas, had he any appreciation which or understanding of architecture, he would be under no.
apprehensions. In addition to the prospective builder, there is the larger class comprised of those who probably much to build for themselves, or be called upon never will
in so direct a manner. exercise any architectural knowledge To these, however, no less than to the prospective Their builder, architecture should be an open book. would become of abundant walks abroad and variedinterest, and every building would hold before been able to read. they had nevera
story
which
'"THE The Gothic MuDinMlitcKl
BATTLE
OF
THE
STVI.F.S''out
toner
ot
(rchilcftuR. Building,
the ia
U'oolworth"ea a
BuildioE,
earried
Id
a
Ure
niudi^rnuivdul
rend
Ihruuih elimpK
while
Clu-xir-UenaiMiiiiKK' Iha \" al.w visible of ilie
uJd
rnliinnntlr EiRhiri^Dih
Sr thr Cenlury
AncloJ^nnic
New
York
Cixy
Hsll
S
!
I
is
S
i^
Pi
illiitrrsilg
I I
Nor
shouldupon,
allasioiias
be
omitted ofa
to
theto
citizenpass
who
alledon
a
member ofaan
board,
ment judg-
the
design if ofa
importanthouseor a
public be
building."
unfortunate
private librarybycivicmoney
bungled hall.In
tous calamithis of
in
thewe
caseare
city
connecti
impressedasa
the
importanceasa
tectura archito
education Publicthe
obligation,is the being erection
duty
the
nity.
spent
yearly
hout
country yet
for
ofthe
important publichasrecommended,
c
buildings,seen
architecturally, It is byno means
the however,
buildings.
toon
be
that
public
opinions
architectureon*
et
up
to
overthrow
professionalinthecase
opinionsan
tecture archi'
excepting
ofthe
incompetent
political" that public
architect.of
It
is
rather
contention result in
ciationresults is thetosave
architecturean
will
securing
ter bet-
through
understanding The ofan
ofmay
what
theupon
tect
tryingappearancea
to
do.
boardimportantor
insist
ng
buildingmay
in down
few
thousandfor
dollars,a
vote
architect'sIfthe
projectmembers
splendid
monumental
ch.
of
the
board,educated,
and
thethe
peoplenecessary
elves,
were
architecturallybe appreciate forthcomingthe
funds
would To
through
public
ription.
possibilitiesits
of
a
noblethean
ecturalpart
ideaofto
is
to
desirethere
execution. beattempted unknown
In
this that
book
will
ductionthe
interesting,
but
vidual indi-
Architect.
o
understand **gift,"This,an
architecture implicationmay
has ofsome
beenpeculiarbe
supposed talentanerroneous an
toor
however,foror
readily
provedisno
idea, painting
although music,
architecture it is different
less
art
in
certain
salient
rticnlars.result of
A
masterpiece"
ofa
painting
or
of
mnsic
e
inspiration of
masterpiece
of
architecture painting inspiration
the
result
evolution. their
To
understand underlyingneedhut
sic
is
to
understandarchitecture architectural Nor
understandof example.
one
understandproduced be
tages
evolution should
which
ven
understandingnatures
confused
th
enjoyment.inart,
Mostmusic, them;
receptive
findnature,
men enjinano
in
in
architecture,
in
hat the
surroundssenses,
but
their
enjoymentplaysto
is
thi
f
in raises
which their
understanding understanding
pa
nowledge
the
level
ntelligent
appreciation.inat
To
see
allonce
architecture theat
a
productstudy.necessity
of
evolution,
o
possess
keymore
to
itsa
Obviouslythan veryrace,an
rt
of
building,the
first of
as
from
dawn
civilisationof the
been the human
close
inked
with inIna
themeasure,
development
as,
influenced
people
who
create
t.
this evolution
connectionthere
betweenismore
human
andmere
tural architec sentimental
thanof
a
oincidence.
Different different differentreligious
kinds and
civilisation, social
characterised
by
developments
roducednew,
architecturalevolved from days byasa
manifestations, earlier of forms. Theand
some tim
often
pr pe
of
kingdoms,are as
their
degeneracy,
th
ownfall
mirrored vividly
contemporary
architectural ofcontemporary
numents
in
the
words
istorians. has alone No
Beingalways should
work
of
thethe
hand
of ofman
man,
tec arc"
reflectedlie much ofasour
mind interest.perhaps,
^and
his
of
its
architecture
theown
past,
has of
been
ttle
expressivefutureages
architecture
to-da
less
are
to
read
in
it the
commentary
t
ibis
time
' '
artisticthe study
ideasand
and
ideals
were
inearlier
a
transitionalstyles
stage,
adaptationNorth of employingno
of
ther
landsin the
characterised securitywe
American
ture, architec-
and
recognisedto
and
rious
types,
had
desire
experiment,
or
olve
originalia.many
good the
architecturalbecausehas
criticsAmerican
have
bitterlysince
ed
times
theno
nation,
arlierstyle.
days,
createdare,
characteristictwo
tural architec-
There
however,
sides
to
this
tion.
ooking
backbe
over
the
evolutionnew
ofarose
architectural only madewhen
,ones
it willwereor
foundout-worn,
that
styles
whennew
conditions socialor
themchange
te,
when
somenew
religious
llywas
dictated
architecturalreason,
forms.and
No
new
foundedforto
withoutIn
solelyany
becausecome
desire effortThe^an
novelty.be **Artto
no
case
hasforthean
goodsake
originalNouveau'* evolvenew
solelywas
of
inalit orig-
illustrationthe
o
effort what
forms
forspirits ideas.
sole
purpose to'^
eaking
certain existingis
restless
believedAndas
beArt
monotony
ofmovement
artisticnow
thean
u^'of
remembered leavingit had
demi epitraceever
ephemeral It
madness, diedbecause and
afterno
itreason
no
nfluence. beenor
ve
created,
because,
in
itself,
it
was
not
l
legitimate. thelastcentury,
That the
almost,no
in^^
this
country
has
development is not surprising,hbove
of
strikingshouldarts, to not
national"be itvery
tecture archi-
and
distressing.thesure
rchitecture,to
aU
other
is
part
o
proceed
slowly,
and
beor
ofstyles
eachare
Sincere
adaptations
of
old
ancient
ch
to
be
preferredonlyas
if thea
alternativede
is"
a
meaninglessattempt
yle
evolvedan
tour
forcenot
an
ove
originalityto
whichproduceprevent
does'*
exist.'*
If
this
cou try
is
destinednothing
a
style,
recognisable legaciesas
ch,
couldother
itwould
"
our
of
p
yles
from Itcanas
lands
be
straws
in
rrent.
hasour a
beenpresent
so
always.
Nor
adaptationsto
ofidea
many
styles
nstrued
contradiction isa
the
of
architecturalthat
olution.prevail
It
far
more
natural
conditionthatone
man
yles
inin
equal thisage
favour,country
thanat
styletime.
shou
paramount
the
present
The
present
is of
one
of
travel
and And
of
education
photography accountable
andfor the
illustration.
human Every
naturone
selectivesome
proclivity.personal
instinctively
cherishes formanor,
idealItalian
o
untry-house, Englishnot*'
example,or a
be
it
an
vi
Frenchfor the
chateau. sake
That conformity
id
uld
be
sacrificedstyleout
of
e
national"
ofthe
architecture.
Weofall
wou
ill
take
pages
of
picture-book
p
chitecture. Italianvillasare
not,
necessarily,themen
consistentwere
in
th
chitectural
style
becauseThe
Italianswho
turally architecand
consistent.
builtno
them, type.
om
theynot
were
built, by ideas,a
knew variety andwas
of
other other,
Th
e
distractedpleasing,
of
and by
perhaps
ually
consequently,
following
e
prevalentAs
style,
there effectmay
evolvedthe
a
distinctive
ty
proof
of
the
whichupon
selective architectural In
proclivity
the
individualthe thereas
have
desigtheor
nsider style
architecturewas
ofso
England. conservatism
matte
not
much
tency consi
has
been
supposed.
Once
the
landed
gentr
to
travel,wason
new
architectural admired,English andestates.
ideasmany
came
in.
The
n
garden
Italian
gardens
laid
out
Theso
Englishman
red
his
own
kindMany
of
honse, Italian
he
did
not
adapt
Italian artisans, andwhichthe^'
villa.
painters,over
decoratorsto**
however, works hadEast
were
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create
ors
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gratify of
the
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ially
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ectural
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ith
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ned
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te
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Before
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up
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hould be
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y
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ese
four
essentials
rationallythat
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given worthyThe
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assume
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of
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grasp
of
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sential
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lig
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essentialsseemingly
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ntal
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ying
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o
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ll
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d
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o
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nces
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e
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the
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he
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Classicare
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Italian
s
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ing
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ngle
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ade
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e
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ilful
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's
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ch
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o
ulding From
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menta
uipment
in
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knowledge
historic
styl
his
familiarity
structural
problems.
It
ARCHITECTURE
2
noticed,
moreover,
thatthese
the
more
masterfullyof
an
tect
handleshe
essentials
design
theforscale,
les
ciationthatso
receivesineye
fromsuch to
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lay
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the
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matters attract
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nce,no
as
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and
t
praise. will findof
trainedto
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r,
much
delight
in
ciation proceedof
these
niceties.in designpresentaa
To
further
consideration would work,no
ofinconsistentmatter
the
ciple prin-
architecturalofthe
be
with
purposes
how
esting internow
in
itself,through
and
necessarily
briefof those
studygreatwe
will
irectedwhose every
the
evolution
historic around
s
present-day hand.
manifestations
see
n
THEGROWTHTHE
EVOLUTIONOFTHE GREAT OF
OF
ARCHITECTUBEARCHITECTURALOF ASSYRIA, OF
E
STYLES.GREECE,
ARCHITECTUREROME.BYZANTINE
EGYPT, AND
OF
ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE
IN
order
to
acquirewhich with
a
practical
familiarityus
with andto
tliebe
architecture
surroundsits forms,
to-day,
acticallyto
familiarsome
it is obviouslyof and inthe
necessary
acquire
general
knowledge theages
evolution several
f
architecture of
through
the
ountriesIt
Europe.and, of Egypt, indeed, history quiteproper,
is customarya
to
commence
study inno
the
of
architecture
withevolution
its
eginningsleft
although of actual
architectural
s
vestige
Egyptian
detail
in
modem
uildings.The
recognisablethemselves character
characteristicsinthree
of
architecture directions:
anifest
principaltheor
in
he
structural archmass,
of
building
(column;
construc
constructionform
otherwise)or
in
its
general
or
(tall andinor
vertical, detail
low-spreading kindto
nd
horizontal)mouldings
and
its
(in
the
ofeach
tectural architype
ornaments
peculiar
nationality).Thereare,
again,of private
three
broad
divisions
in secular
which publicto
to
onsidersecular
types
buildings:
religious,It class
nd
buildings.in
isa
essential
consider
instinctively, becausemuch
which of
given
building existsvague
elongs,
the
confusion arises
whichfrom
in
he
cqnsiderationor none
of
architectureat
lassification,28
all.
And
classification
should
5/
sroyal
be
the
basisto
of
comparison,
andpractical
comparisoncomprehension. which
i
road
intelligentof
andthese
Thecome
importanceto
broadfeltas
divisions,instinctively,progresses.
make
themselves apparent
will
e
increasingly with
study
Commencing
the
architecturewhata
of
Egypt,
it will
ealisedwas
subsequentlygradually
complexan
architectural
c
built
up
upon
essentially^^
simple
ation. thepurpose
For
of evolution
this
bookbe
the^
followingin of
historythemost
rchitectural form
willwith
presented
se
possible,phases
the
intention
enlarging
certain
of
it in
subsequent
chapters.
Thetype
AECHrrECTXJBBEgyptian
or
Egypt
The
of
buildingevolutionor
whichwas
playednot
its
part
later
architectural either"
the
secular
ing,
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private,temple.was,
but
the
religious
ing
^in this Egyptian
the
The
dwellingand Notvery
for perishable,
the
most
part,
modest
affair,
bothno
actually
stylistically.inthe
only
are
there
examples of
preserv
condition
of the
the
Roman
villas residenceupon
Pompeiiappears
Herculaneum,
but little if any
Egyptian
ave of
hadthe
influence
the
later
evolu*
private
house.
Some
idea
of
its
form
has
preservedand
in
elaborate butnot
contemporary
ings wall-painton
bas-reliefs,did it ismore
since
its
influencethe
tural architecof
design
extend
beyondto
daysthe
the
ohs,
profitableof
considerEgypt.
religious,
emple,
architecture Egyptian
ancient
Essentially, andthe
architecture
wasan
a
stone
tecture,on
structurally
itlintel
was
architecture beingany
column
(a
lintel
rizontalAlthough
member theappear
restingarchtowas
upon
two
verticalto
members).Egyptians,a mean
known
the
eir
builders
have
regarded
itstones
as
nobleto most
substitutespan part,
for
the
enormous
which
th
ed
the
distancesseem
between that by
their thethe
columns.
F
e
it would their employed. columns, of huge
Egyptians
gaugedthemany
e
merittheygreater
of
buildings
sizethey
of
stone
ich
Although suchas
built inthe
eir
those
great
h
Karnak,of
cylindricalcolumns,an
drums, hewnfrom
theyone
thought piece
ghly
monolithicwas
one.
Theirs of massive columns
architecture and far andwere
of
sublime
proportions,
formswere
simpleheavierthe
lines.than
Their
thosethe
la
velopedheadsas
byof
the the
Greeks,columns, and
forms
of by
capital
inspiredflowers.
such
lo
ora
palm-leaves
lotus is and
Egyptian influencesarchitecturalcountry,
architecture whichsocial
powerfullynatural
illustrativeconditions essentiallya
e
exe
on
character.
Being
iou rel
actuallywas
ruledthethe
bytemple,
the
priests, and building being
the
principal
rm
of
buildingcountry,
essentially
treeless The
principalofof
material understood
w
one.
Egyptians,anduse
course,
nufacture for
bricks, eternity,
but
with their
their
bas
ssion
buildingtoenormous
forbe
crude
bricnot
ubtlessas
seemed
perishable,stone
and
certainlyso as
blesuch
theirpart
members,
brick
playe
in
Egyptianof the
architectureAssyrians. Egyptianthe rock-cutthe
it later
playe
the
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theare
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there
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fr
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t
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THE
ARCHITECTtJREthe
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of
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Hills. preferredofa
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s
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that
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They far inthe
in
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in
ornate
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All
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and"
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cut
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Abu-Simbel,all theseare
the
sal
acteri charhave sion inva-
bythe
strength
and theover
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which destructive
d
centurieshaveswept
and
of
whichfor
Egypt.
Yet,
allwas
its
qualitiesnot
of
massiveand
form,
Egyptianarchitects fromlotus,
tectureartistsand
sombre,many
Egyptian forms
evolvedpapyrus
decorativewere
whichwas
essentiallyof
gracefulEgypt bas-relief
and
ate.
Nor devoid
thecolour.
architectureThe
by
anycarvings,
of
pictorial
the
inscriptionstombswere
and
decorativeeven
details
of
the
ples tem-
and
richly, The they
garishly, ofsand
paintedand
itime
anddimmed
brightthese
colours.
erosionhave
wheretombs be
been
exposed,sanctuaries and the vivid
but
he
shelter
ofare
many to
andas
rock-hewnintense
colours they
foundrecently
as
h
had
but
come
from
brush
o
painter. The transitionalisgenerallystep
from
Egyptianas
to
Greekrock-cut
itectureat
givenoften
existing the*
in*
a
le
Beni-Hassan, because theto
called of the
Proto-Doric bearsthe
le,"
form the
columnscolumn,
kingthe
similarity Greek
Greek
Doric
firs
**
Of
the
2
THE
PRACTICAL
BOOK to Greece,more
OP
ARCHITECTURE
egacy
of Egypt with
may
be
onnection
tha
consideration
in appreciated Greek of tecture. archi-
The
Abchitectubeof
of
Assybia.
architecture istinctly from thatthose
The
of
ancient Egypt,
Assyriaand
differed
quite
ike
of
Egyptian and
its characteristics, direct the were architecture, conditions.more
utcome
of social
naturalwas
Secularthe
architecture
n
magnificent
ace
less religious far emples were
palaces of the and less dominated less
prominent, kings, and, by Andthe
notably being
a
conspicuous.
priesthood, being a country
devoid, timber,a
for
s
eveloped
as stone well part, of building in clay, Assyria but naturally abounding instead hfick architecture tecture. archiof a stone
the
most
Structurally,unit, thegreat
since the brick lintel constructionthewas arch in some
strucsmall tural of the Egyptians
is
a
as
oth
so not possible, in its true form, was
used otheruse
and
considerably, Roofforms. ing thoughamong
here
by accomplished is considerable dispute oftenseveral and largely used. buildings Assyrian
theon
of wood, question
this
rchaeologists, extiles were
theories
maintaining
that
Of
only
the
wallsgreaton
androoms
floors
emain,
but beenwas
the
area
ave
here
spanned devised clay.
of the of many only by timbers,a
could
covering
of
perhaps, which, then lighter wood,
hatch Most
and
buildings are of the form of Assyrian versions that the it is known with certainty conjectural, though sively impreswere of vast size, and were and temples palacesterraces, a series on approached of great elevated And broad flights of steps. whatever particulars Assyrian are architecture conjectural, it is certain
by
of
the
Assyrians of
were
the both of
first
to
realise
andand
developdecora-
possibilities Such
brick,
structurally
y.
portions
their
importantwere
buildingswithor
as
conspicuously ofgorgeous
exposedand elaborate
facedcolours,
glazed
s
beautifuland deities,
with
tiles
forming of
highlymonsters
decorative and littlehad
representatio
legendaryarchitecture
heroes.from
Subsequent"
borrowed
the
ians
certainly it. by The
that
of
Greece
nothingbut
i
with Egypt,two
Assyriansof raciallymaterialsthe
borrowed
little
reason
differingand socially, available.the
characteristicsas
he
countries, of building
well
as
i
nature
Architecturally, dispute, ofever
however, pioneersasa
Assyrians
were,
out with-
the
in building beena
demonstrating materialdistinct"
thea
possibilitie
bricksince,
material
,
has
factor ofother
inraces
tectura archi-
evolution
and
expression
i
lands.
The
Abohitectube histories
of
Greece
Most
architectural of archsBologicalmany
are
enlivenedon
by
the
tes
authorities of outline ofsuch these
questionsare
ofgreat
.
Althoughthepresentnot
disputes sketchof
of
st,
architecturalThe
ion
will
allow
digressions.usually regarding
study
reekgreat
architecture, conflicting
however,
beginsthe
with
the
liieoriesis
origin
of
its
Onecolumn firstis
contentionandlintel
that
the
Greeksas
borrowedas
construction,from
well
the
formother
heir
Doricthat
column, the
Egypt.
The
tion
Greeks,
advancinginto stone
inthe
skill
and
on,own
simply
translated wooden
forms
of
earlier
buildings.
There
is much
to
pport
both betweenbutin the
theories.early
Undoubtedly
there
isformsisa
a
la si
Greekno
architectural doubtto
yptian,
with
lesstemple
there whatwe
distin
alogya
Greekand
may
imagine wood.
similarthe
primitiveit of
Greekmore
buildingto
of
For
present
is
importantinthe
crystallise
clear
impression
what,to
main, into its
constituted origin.isthe
eekAn
architecture, understanding important of ofmany
thanofstep
inquire
Greekacquiring
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f
ally
in
practicalday,
stand underas
the
architecture
of
the
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w
earlier
periods.understandof the
Tothe*'
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Greeof
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is
to
meaningRevival,'*to
veral
manifestations frequent architectural
Classic
e
allusion
the
*'
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Greek
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olution
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Greekallmodem ofthe
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ndamentally,from later,
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of
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at
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and
fr
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Inthe
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e
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cient
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AN
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l
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The
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ly
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hitectural
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ur
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ng
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ich
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lled
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rm
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