the progressive reform era chapter 17 the origins of progressivism (11/10/11)
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The Progressive Reform Era
Chapter 17
The Origins of Progressivism
(11/10/11)
Goals of Progressives
• Improve working conditions
• Improve• Use government to enforce
_________ standards• End corruption of
The Progressive Era (1890 - 1920)
Industrial revolution led to new industries and products - everything from automobiles to skyscrapers
1909 Ford Model T
Flat Iron BuildingFlat Iron Building
Located at Broadway, 23rd, and 5th Avenues
Built in 1902 Designed by Daniel
Burnham It is the oldest
surviving skyscraper in NYC
Industrial Revolution also led to:
Great social changes
Foreign policy
The Progressive Era Laissez-faire economics – Little or no
government interference in business– Few– Few
The gap between the rich and the poor
The top ____ of the population controlled ____ of the nation’s wealth
Labor
Coal miners, textile, steel and railroad workers were underpaid for dangerous, difficult work
__________ met with resistance from state and local governments, as well as owners
Wages were
Popular belief that by helping the disadvantaged, you hurt society as a whole.
True Christianity requires a commitment to social justice and responsibility for your fellow man.
Government Reform State reform:
– initiatives – recalls– referendums
Several states passed laws setting minimum wages, child labor restrictions, and fair business practices
Most of them were found
Government Reform
Federal reforms:
What types of people were “Progressive”?
Belonged to all political parties, including Republican, Democrat, and Socialist
Tended to be:
Review of economic systems:
______________ – Private ownership of the means of production– Motivation is profit
– Requires entrepreneurs
______________ – Government ownership of the means of production– Motivation “To each what he needs”
– Voluntary, usually through elections
____________ – Socialism by force if necessary
Progressive Reform Organizations
Socialist Party – formed in 1910– many people thought only through government
owned industry would workers ever get better conditions
– most famous member– not a popular movement then or now– many positions were adopted by other parties, such
as the minimum wage– IWW – Labor union of Socialists
Progressive Reform Organizations
Women’s Movement– worked for:
– famous women include Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, and Mother Jones
Progressive Legislation
Reforms are often a result of tragedy
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Saturday afternoon - 500 workers in the 10
story building. Fire began on the ____ floor - quickly erupted
into an inferno _______________became an inferno Crowded a fire escape:
Went to the roof and found they were trapped
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Many of the stairways and exits were
The did not have the equipment to rescue the women
In desperation, many jumped to their deaths
Galveston Hurricane - 1900
Unnamed hurricane hit Galveston Island Sept. 8, 1900
Category _____winds and a ______ foot storm surge
_________________people died
Galveston Hurricane - 1900 Local government unprepared
Started a new municipal government with a
Model was later picked up throughout the country
Progressive Reform Organizations
The Labor Movement
– __________________was goal
– organized and used strikes
– owners often able to get _______________ to stop strikes
_________ - 3rd party listens to both sides and makes a decision on a settlement
Owners refused to go to arbitration until President Roosevelt threatened to _________ the coal mines if they refused.
The coal miners won improved wages and hours but the owners refused to recognize their union.
Anthracite Coal Miner Strike May 12 – October 23, 1902
Coal Miners Salary 1902
According to the Citizen’s Voice (Wilkes-Barre) Coal miners earned $500 a year
Expenses for housing and first aid were deducted Varied by location of mine, method of payment,
and company expenses Result of strike was10% raise Reduced hours to 9 hours a day, 6 days a week, 52
weeks a year* Approximately 12,000 a year before expenses in
2009 when adjusted for inflation
Theodore Roosevelt Gave a ‘__________’ to miners in
1902 Became his campaign slogan Accomplishments:
–Trust buster–Railroad regulations–Department of Labor established
Theodore Roosevelt Accomplishments:
– 1906 Pure Food & Drug Act
– Added 200 million acres to our national parks ands forests
Muckrakers
Person that Journalists, authors, and photographers
that exposed the corruption in society– Examples:
– Upton Sinclair - wrote first about tainted beef sold to the army, then about the meat packing industry in Chicago
– Ida Tarbell - wrote about the monopoly controlled by John D. Rockefeller
Muller v. Oregon - 1908
Upheld Oregon law limiting work hours based on the frailty of women
Helped women by Hurt them by reinforcing the stereotype
that women are
Taft and Wilson
Taft’s Presidency
Mistakes:– Did not appoint a progressive cabinet
– Did not veto non-progressive legislation
– Did not use the justice department to enforce environmental laws
Taft’s Presidency
Tariffs– Ran on a platform of lowering tariffs
• House passed some reductions• Republicans added some protective
increases• Result –
Taft’s Presidency
Ballinger- Pinchot Affair
• Head of US Forest Service
• Major Conservationist at the time
• Secretary of the Interior
• Allowed Businesses to acquire several million acres of land in Alaska
Taft’s Presidency
Pinchot – Protested against Ballinger to Taft
Taft
The Republican Party
“Old Guard” v. Progressives– Old Guard interested in status quo– Progressives wanted more immediate change– Republicans were split between Old Guard
and Progressives
Republican Party
Midterm Elections– Roosevelt
• Returns from
The Elections of 1912
Roosevelt vs. Taft for Republican ticket– Taft wins the Republican nomination easily
Progressive Republicans leave, vowing to create their own party.
August 1912, The Progressives nominate TR as presidential nominee– Nickname
The Election of 1912
Bull Moose Party– Platform
• Tariff Reduction
• Women’s Suffrage
• Regulation of Business
• Child Labor Ban
• 8-hour work day
• Workman’s Compensation
• Direct Election of Senators
The Election of 1912
Taft– Followed many
Progressive Reforms
– Still very unpopular with Progressive Republicans
Wilson– Democrat
– Ran on a Reform platform
– Criticized both Big Business and Big Government
Popular Vote:1912 Election
Taft –
Roosevelt –
Wilson –
Other –
Wilson Presidency
Tariffs and Taxes– Underwood Tariff Act of
1913• Reduced Tariffs from
_______________
– To make up for Government loss
• Income Tax legislation signed in 1913
Trust Busting– Clayton Anti-trust Act
• Spelled out specific illegal activities
• Prevents anti-trust legislation from being used against unions
– Federal Trade Commission
• Ability to order firms to ______________unfair business tactics
Wilson’s Presidency
Federal Reserve System– Federal Reserve Act of 1913
• Divided the country into 12 Districts of Banking
• Each Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) is owned by the banks in its district
• Member banks could borrow money from the FRB to meet short term demands
• Chairperson “The Fed” appointed by the president for a ten year term
Wilson’s Presidency
– Appointed to the Supreme Court• Many thought Brandeis was too radical
• First Jewish person on Supreme Court
• Upheld many progressive laws
Limits of Progressivism
Limited to certain sectors of society– Municipal Problems
• Did little to aid tenant and migrant farmers and nonunion workers
• Many Progressives supported
Limits to Progressivism Social Justice
– Separated races in federal offices– Wilson initially opposed women’s suffrage– African Americans ignored
• Small group of Progressives help form the
End of Progressivism
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