the respiratory system. parts of respiratory system nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi...
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The Respiratory System
Parts of Respiratory System
Nasal CavityPharynxLarynxTracheaBronchiBronchiolesAlveoliLungsPleura
Pathway of Air into Lungs
NOSE or MOUTH PHARYNX LARYNX
TRACHEA RT. or LT. BRONCHUS ALVEOLI
BLOOD
NASAL CAVITY
Nasal SeptumDivides nasal cavitiesinto R and L cavities. Turbinate are three
scroll-shaped bones that protrude into the nasal
cavityThey increase surface
area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.
Cilia
Cilia are hairs located in the nose (nasal epithelium), they filter air and trap larger dirt particles.
Pharynx
Often called the “Throat”
Common passageway for air and food
Approx. 5” longWhen food is
swallowed, the EPIGLOTTIS closes over the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs.
Larynx
Voice Box = Voice production
Triangular chamber below pharynx (inside the neck)
Within the larynx are vocal cords (GLOTTIS)
Nickname - Adam’s Apple
Speech is made possible by the fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx – they vibrate
Trachea
aka - Windpipe4 ½ inches longThe walls of trachea
are made more rigid by the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage - to keep trachea open
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane
Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous
Sinuses
Cavities in the skull that produce mucous for the respiratory tract…lined with mucous membranes to warm and moisten the air.
FrontalMaxillaryEthmoidSphenoid
Sinuses give resonance to the voice
Bronchi and Bronchioles
Lower end of trachea divides into Rt. and Lt. bronchi
As they enter the lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles
Bronchi-similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage
Bronchial tubes-thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium
At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli
Alveoli
Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue with millions of tiny, thin walled sacs.
SURFACTANT is a fatty substance in the lungs that prevents the alveoli from collapsing.
Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries
O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries
Pleura
A thin, moist slippery membrane that lines the outer surface of the lungs and the inner surface of the rib cage.
Double-walled sacSpace is called
pleural cavity - filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction
LungsEach lung is divided
into two or three lobesFill thoracic cavityUpper part=apex Lower part=baseBase fits snugly over
diaphragmLung tissue porous and
spongy - it floatsRt. lung= larger and
shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes
Lt. lung smaller (displaced by the heart) and has 2 lobes
Function of the Respiratory System
External and internal respiration and cellular respiration
Production of sound (vocal cords)
INSPIRATION
The part of respiration that involves air being taken into the lungs.
The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward - this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
EXPIRATION
Opposite action takes placeExhalation is a passive process
RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.
Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/minSleep = respirations ↓Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate
YAWNING
A deep prolonged breaththat fills the lungs, increases
oxygen within the blood
COUGHING
A deep breath followed byforceful expulsion of air – toclear lower respiratory tract.
HICCUPS
They are a spasm of the diaphragm and spasmodic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve
SNEEZINGAir is forced Air is forced
through the nose through the nose and mouth to clear and mouth to clear respiratory tract.respiratory tract.
CONTROL OF BREATHING Breathing is controlled by neural and
chemical factors
NEURAL FACTORSRespiratory
center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm
CHEMICAL FACTORS
CO2 and O2 levels in the blood is sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain)
Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2
LUNG CAPACITY AND VOLUME
Spirometer – device that measures lung capacity
Tidal Volume = amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath.
Normal = 500 ml
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
SINUSITISInfection of mucous
membrane that lines sinus cavities
Caused by bacteria or virus
Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance
Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis
COMMON COLD
Contagious viral respiratory infection
Indirect causes – chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep
Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
Hand washing – best preventative measure
TUBERCULOSIS
Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an increase in US.
Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungsSymptoms: cough, low grade fever in the
afternoon, weight loss, night sweatsDiagnosis – TB skin testIf skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray
and sputum sampleRx – antibiotic
LARYNGITIS
Inflammation of larynx or voice box
Often secondary to other respiratory infections
Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)…treatment = no talking!
REPIRATORY DISORDERS CONTINUED…
PHARYNGITIS – Red inflamed throat.
PLEURISY
Inflammation of the lining of the lungs
Usually occurs in conjunction with pneumonia and other lung infections
Symptoms – sharp, stabbing pain when breathing, dyspnea and fever
INFLUENZA (Flu)
Viral infection (VIRUS) causing inflammation of the mucous membrane of lungs
Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion
Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleuresy
Rx – treat the symptoms
PNEUMONIA
Infection of the lung
Caused by bacteria or virus.
Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid)
Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea
Rx – O2 and antibiotics
BRONCHITIS
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous
May be acute or chronic
Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound)
Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause
ASTHMA
Inflammatory airway obstructionCaused by allergen or psychological stress5% of Americans have asthma
Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator
REPIRATORY DISORDERS CONTINUED…
THORACENTESIS – insertion of a needle through the thoracic cavity and into the pleural cavity to drain fluid
PNEUMOTHORAX – collapsed lung due to air in the pleural cavity
SILICOSISCause: breathing dust containing silicon dioxide over long
period of timeLungs become fibrotic, reducing ability to expand
NASAL POLYPSGrowths in sinus cavity, cause obstruction in air pathwayRx: surgical removal
REPIRATORY DISORDERS CONTINUED…
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2
ATELECTASIS
Lungs fail to expand normally due to bronchial occlusion
EMPHYSEMA
Alveoli becomes over dilated, lose their elasticity.
May eventually rupture
Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced exhalation required
Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases as disease progresses
REPIRATORY DISORDERS
PERTUSSIS-Called the (Whooping cough)
Symptoms: severe coughing attacks that end in a “whooping” sound, dyspnea
Prevented by a childhood vaccine
RHINITIS
Inflammation of nasal mucosa with increased secretion
Caused by virus and / or allergens
CANCER OF THE LUNGS
Caused by small cell carcinoma
Spreads rapidly to other organs
Found mainly in smokers
Other types – squamous cell and adenocarcinoma – don’t spread as rapidly
Lung Cancer cont’d…
Symptoms: cough and weight loss
Diagnosis: x-ray and BRONCHOSCOPY (flexible tube passed through mouth or nose into bronchi and lungs)
Rx: surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation
Cannabis bigger cancer risk than cigarettes: study Tue Jan 29, 4:44 AM ET
HONG KONG (Reuters) - Smoking a joint is equivalent to 20 cigarettes in terms of lung cancer risk, scientists in New Zealand have found, as they warned of an "epidemic" of lung cancers linked to cannabis. Studies in the past have demonstrated that cannabis can cause cancer, but few have established a strong link between cannabis use and the actual incidence of lung cancer.
In an article published in the European Respiratory Journal, the scientists said cannabis could be expected to harm the airways more than tobacco as its smoke contained twice the level of carcinogens, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, compared with tobacco cigarettes.
The method of smoking also increases the risk, since joints are typically smoked without a proper filter and almost to the very tip, which increases the amount of smoke inhaled. The cannabis smoker inhales more deeply and for longer, facilitating the deposition of carcinogens in the airways.
Just read…
"Cannabis smokers end up with five times more carbon monoxide in their bloodstream (than tobacco smokers)," team leader Richard Beasley, at the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, said in a telephone interview."There are higher concentrations of carcinogens in cannabis smoke ... what is intriguing to us is there is so little work done on cannabis when there is so much done on tobacco."The researchers interviewed 79 lung cancer patients and sought to identify the main risk factors for the disease, such as smoking, family history and occupation. The patients were questioned about alcohol and cannabis consumption.In this high-exposure group, lung cancer risk rose by 5.7 times for patients who smoked more than a joint a day for 10 years, or two joints a day for 5 years, after adjusting for other variables, including cigarette smoking."While our study covers a relatively small group, it shows clearly that long-term cannabis smoking increases lung cancer risk," wrote Beaseley."Cannabis use could already be responsible for one in 20 lung cancers diagnosed in New Zealand," he added."In the near future we may see an 'epidemic' of lung cancers connected with this new carcinogen. And the future risk probably applies to many other countries, where increasing use of cannabis among young adults and adolescents is becoming a major public health problem."
CANCER OF THE LARYNX
Curable if detected early
Most common in men over fifty
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Blood clot breaks off and travels to the lung, occurs after surgery or when a person has to be on bed rest.
Symptoms: sudden severe pain in chest, dyspnea
Diagnosis: lung scanRx: anticoagulant
therapy
Sleep Apnea
C-PAP MachineCharacterized
by pauses in breathing during sleep.
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