the scanning electron microscope

Contents (Note: Page numbers are as in the whole book so that the index remains valid)

Acronyms …………………………………………………….……………………… iii Preface ………………………………………………………………………………. iv

5 The scanning electron microscope 5.1 How it works ……………………………………………… 122 5.2 Obtaining a signal in the SEM ……………….………….… 124 5.3 The optics of the SEM ………………………….…………. 131 5.4 The performance of the SEM ………………….………….. 133 5.5 The ultimate resolution of the SEM .…………….…..……. 135 5.6 Topographic images ...…………………………..………… 141 5.7 Compositional images ……………...…………..……….… 146 5.8 Crystallographic information from the SEM …………...…. 149 5.9 The use of other signals in the SEM ……………….....…... 153 5.10 Image acquisition, processing and storage ……….……….. 159 5.11 The preparation of specimens for examination in the SEM .. 162 5.12 Low voltage microscopy……………………………………164 5.13 Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) …… 166 5.14 Questions …………………………………………………... 167

Further reading ……………………………………………………………..…………... 236 Answers …………………………………………………………………………………... 238 Index …………………………………………………………………………..…………... 243

Reproduced by kind permission of Taylor and Francis Books UK under a Creative Commons Licence (BY-SA).Third Edition (electronic copy) by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys, and Richard Beanland.

Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

Reproduced by kind permission of Taylor and Francis Books UK under a Creative Commons Licence (BY-SA).Third Edition (electronic copy) by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys, and Richard Beanland.

Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

Reproduced by kind permission of Taylor and Francis Books UK under a Creative Commons Licence (BY-SA).Third Edition (electronic copy) by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys, and Richard Beanland.

Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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Electron Microscopy and Analysis,__________________________________________________________

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