the tones of yucatec maya carlos gussenhoven radboud university nijmegen fonología instrumental:...
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Word Accents and Tones in Sentence Perspective
A symposium in conjunction with the 60th birthday of
Professor Gösta BruceCarlos Gussenhoven
Radboud University Nijmegen
Lund UniversityJanuary 10, 2007
Outline
Phonological sketch Prosodic syllable types A corpus à la Bruce 1977 Positional allophony ‘Tone sandhi’ Prosodic expression of focus
Segments and syllables
p’ p b t’ t k’ k ʔ i uts’ ts tʃ’ tʃ e os ʃ h a
m n w l j
CV(V)(C) V ‘Short’ VV ‘Long’
Glottalized ~ Plain: VV ~ V’V
Words
l kaj ‘fish’h kaan ‘snake’h h mu.kuj ‘turtle dove’l h su.ku’un ‘older brother’h l tsíi.min ‘horse’(h h síi.na’an ‘scorpion’)h lh júu.ka.taan ‘Yucatan’h l h l káas.ta.jaa.noh ‘Spanish’
C]
Word prosody
Short ʔek ‘wasp’ Long High ʔáak ‘turtle’ Long Lowkoot ‘wall’ Glottalized ku’uk ‘squirrel’
‘High tone is a fall finally and a high in penultimate position’
(Blair & Vermont-Salas)
‘There is no tone really’ (Archibald)
F0 contours (Fischer)
Word prosody - stress
- h is stressed (tsíi.min, su.ku’un) - word-initial l is stressed (kaj, mu.kuj)- stressed syllables are tone bearers- function words have no stress (kin
‘1SG’)
Glottal closures
ʔe’el ‘egg’k’i’ik’ ‘blood’ts’u’uts’ ‘kiss’p’áaʔ ‘open slightly’ʔiʔ ‘hawk’
Glottalized
CVCVC: vowels tends to be the same *CVʔVC
1. Morphological process treat CV(V)(C) as monosyllabic: root imperfective
ʔah - ʔa.hal ‘wake up’ ʔéem - ʔée.mel ‘descend’ he’el - he’e.lel ‘rest’ (Bricker
344) 2. CVʔV would be tonally restricted to H-toned,
CVCV to L-toned. No other ʔ has this restriction. (But ?* CVVʔV)
Research questions
How are the four ‘tones’ pronounced? What is their phonology? How does sentence phonology affect the
pronunciation of the tones? ‘Tone sandhi’ Information structure
Four male speakers in the Bay Area, aged 24-45From Santa Elena, Uxbal, OxkutzkabScripted speech(Thanks to Lisa Bennet)
SANTA ELENA ▲OXKUZKAB
▲
kaj ‘fish’ us ‘gnat’k’áan, páay ‘hammock’ míis ‘broom’kaan ‘snake’ miis ‘cat’ka’an ‘sky’ me’ex ‘beard’
sak ‘white’jáax ‘first’boox ‘dark, dirty’ja’ax ‘green’
wilik ‘see’tsíi’tik ‘write’meentik ‘manufacture, do’cha’antk ‘look at’
A corpus
A corpus
Adjective: Adj Noun 32
Basic VP: Kin Verb Noun 32
Penultimate: Kin Verb le Noun-oʔ 32
Initial Noun kin Verb 32
New Ma kin Verb X, kin Verb Y 32
Old Ma kin Verb X, kin Verb X 32
192
15
Ya’ax míis.
16
Kin meentik le kàano’.
17
Má kin dzíi’tik tsuutsuy, kin dzíi’tik kay.
18
Má kin wu'uyik us, kin wilik us.
Positional variation
Final vs Initial Final vs Penultimate
Kay - final vs initial
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Paay
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Kaan - Final vs Initial
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Ka'an - Final vs Initial
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Us - Final vs Initial (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Míis - Final vs Initial (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Mìis - Final vs Initial (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Me'ex - Final vs Initial (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Kay - Final vs Initial (William)
60
110
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
K'aan - Final vs Initial (William)
6080
100120140160180200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Kaan - Final vs Initial (William)
60
110
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Ka'an - Final vs Initial (William)
6080
100120140160180200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Us - Final vs Initial (William)
6080
100120140160180200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Míis - Final vs Initial (William)
60
110
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Miis - Final vs Initial (William)
6080
100120140160180200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Me'ex - Final vs Initial (William)
60
110
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Kay - Final vs Initial (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
K'áan - Final vs Initial (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Kàan - Final vs Initial (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Ka'an - Final vs Initial (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Us - Final vs Initial (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Mìis - Final vs Initial (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Me'ex - Final vs Initial (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Míis - Final vs Initial (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (kay - kayo') - Oscar
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz Kay
Kayo'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (kàan - kàano') - Oscar
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz Kàan
kàano'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (ka'an - ka'ano') - Oscar
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz ka'an
ka'ano'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (paay - paayo') - Oscar
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz Paay
Paayo'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (us-uso') - Oscar
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz us
uso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (míis-míiso') - Oscar
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Míis
Míiso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (mìis-mìiso') - Oscar
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Mìis
Mìiso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (me'ex-me'exo') - Oscar
020406080
100120140160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Me'ex
Me'exo'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (kay - kayo') - Daniel
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz kay
kayo'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (k'áan - k'áano') - Daniel
020406080
100120140
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz k'áan
k'áano'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (kàan - kàano') - Daniel
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz kàan
kàano'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (ka'an - ka'ano') - Daniel
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz ka'an
ka'ano'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (us - uso') - Daniel
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz us
uso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (míis - míiso') - Daniel
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz míis
míiso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (mìis - mìiso') - Daniel
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz mìis
mìiso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (me'ex - me'exo') - Daniel
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz me'ex
me'exo'
Allophonic variation for Long High and Glottalized
Final Low Fall Low Fall
Medial Low High Low Fall, glottalized
Initial Low Rise Low Fall
Short Long High Long Low Glottalized
Split TBUsLexical H
σ σ σ σ
μ μμ μμ μ μ
H H
kay paay kaan ka’an
Split TBUsLexical H
σ σ σ σ
μ μμ μμ μ μ
L H L H
kay paay kaan ka’an
Final occurrence
σ σ σ σ
μ μμ μμ μ μ
L L% H L% L L% H L%
kay paay kaan ka’an
Initial occurrence
σ σ σ σ
μ μμ μμ μ μ
%L L %L H %L L %L H L
kay paay kaan ka’an
Medial occurrence
σ σ σ σ
μ μμ μμ μ μ
L H L H L
kay paay kaan ka’an
Gussenhoven 1983, 1991
John will know betterH*L H*L L%
That’ll be John thereH*L H*L L%
That’ll be John H*L H*L L%
ToBI as an allophonic transcription John will know better L*+H L+H* L-L%
That’ll be John there L*+H H* L-L%
That’ll be John L*+H H* L-L%
ToBI as an allophonic transcription John will know better L+H* L+H* L-L%
That’ll be John there L+H* H* L-L%
That’ll be John L+H* H* L-L%
k3 in ch aan t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.64032
Time (s)0 1.64032
-100
200
k3 in ch aan t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.64032
Time (s)0 1.64032
-100
200
k3in ts' ii t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 2.59016
Time (s)0 2.59016
-100
200
Time (s)0 2.3905
-100
200
k3in ch aan t i k2 k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 2.3905
Time (s)0 2.11213
-100
200
k3in ts' ii t i k2k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 2.11213
k3in ts' ii t i k2k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 2.11213
Time (s)0 2.11213
-100
200
Time (s)
0 1.08322-50
250
k3 in ts' ii t i k2 k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.08321
Time (s)0 1.08322
-50
250
k3 in ts' ii t i k2 k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.08321
Time (s)0 1.13395
-50
250
k3 in ch aan t i k2 k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.13395
Time (s)0 1.24875
-50
250
k3 in ts' ii t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.24876
Time (s)0 1.24875
-50
250
k3 in ts' ii t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.24876
Time (s)0 1.38959
-50
250
k3 in ch aan t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.38961
Tone Sandhi
Downtrend may be sensitive to preceding or following tone
This may depend on phrase-type It may apply to H or L or both There may be anticipatory effects
Effect of preceding word (K-words - Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on K-word - William
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on K-word - Santos
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on K-word - Daniel
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on M-word (Oscar)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on M-word - William
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on M-word - Santos
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on M-word - Daniel
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Trigger: Pool across H-tones, across L-tones
Target: Separate on the basis of L-tone, H-tone
Are L-toned nouns and H-tones nouns equall affected?
Effect of preceding tone on L-toned K-words (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on H-toned K-words (Oscar)
020406080
100120140160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on L-toned K-words (William)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on H-toned K-words (William)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on L-toned K-words (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on H-toned K-words (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz
Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on L-toned K-words (Daniel)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on H-toned K-words (Daniel)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
No anticipatory effect in Noun kin Verb
Effect of following verb on M-words (Daniel)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalised
Effect of following verb on M-word (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalised
Effect of following verb on M-word (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalised
Effect of following verb on M-word (William)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalised
YUCATEC MAYA DOWNSTEP
T → !T / {.... H --- .... }
Expressing information structure
Types of focus informational focus Answer to WH-question corrective focus Not X, but Y
(contrastive focus) re-activating focus As for X
Size of focus constituent What happened? [Mary lost her VISA credit card] What did Mary lose? Mary lost [her VISA credit card] What credit card did Mary lose? Mary lost her [VISA] credit card
Ways of expressing information structure Syntax
obligatory position in S Focus particles
Morphology Verbal affixes
Phonology Phrasing Deaccenting for ‘outside focus’ Type of pitch accent
Phonetics Hyperarticulation
pitch range canonical pitch shapes
Nowhere
Informational focus in English: obligatory pitch accents Size of focus constituent
What happened? [Mary lost her VISA credit card]
What did Mary lose? Mary lost [her VISA credit card] What credit card did Mary lose? Mary lost her [VISA] credit card Did Mary lose her VISA credit card?
(Yes) Mary [polarity] lost her VISA credit card
Corrective Focus in English
I don’t write ‘piano’, I say ‘piano’
I don’t write ‘piano’, I write ‘violin’
Time (s)0 2.46839
-50
250
-50
50
150
250
I don't write piano I write violin
L H*L H*L H L H*L L
I write [ violin ]FOC
Time (s)0 2.72535
-50
250
-50
50
150
250
I don't write piano I say piano
L H*L H L H*L L
I [ say ]FOC piano
Time (s)0 3.21077
0
300
0
100
200
300
ma kin wuuyik us kin cha'antik us
kin [ cha’antik ]FOC ʔus
‘I don’t hear a gnat, I’m looking at a gnat’
Time (s)0 3.49102
0
300
0
100
200
300
ma kin wilik ts'o'ots kin wilik me'ex
kin wilik [ me’ex ] FOC
‘I don’t see hair, I see a beard’
kin cha’antik [ ʔus ]FOC
Time (s)0 3.8542
0
300
0
100
200
300
ma kin cha'antik ek kin cha'antik us
‘I’m not looking at a wasp, I’m looking at a gnat’
Time (s)0 3.23129
0
300
ma kin wu'uyik káan kin wilik káan
kin [ wilik ]FOC káan
‘I don’t hear a hammock, I see a hammock’
’ ’
Us - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Míis - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Miis - Correctives vs Old (William)
859095
100105110115
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Me'ex - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
K'aan - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Kaan - Corrective vs Old (William)
85
90
95
100
105
110
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Ka'an - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Kay - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Kay Corrective vs Old
6080
100120140160180200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Paay - Corrective vs Old
6080
100120140160180200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Kaan - Corrective vs Old
6080
100120140160180200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Ka'an - Corrective vs Old
60
110
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Oscar
Us - Corrective vs Old (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Contrast
Old
Míis - Corrective vs Old (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Contrast
Oldc
Mìis - Corrective vs Old (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Contrast
Old
Me'ex - Corrective vs Old (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Contrast
Old
Figure 9. Mean f0 tracks for us, míis, miis and me’ex for speaker O under Corrective and Given focus. N=4.
Mean Duration voiced portion M-series (William)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3
Focus condition
ms
Neutral
Corrective
Old
Mean duration voiced portion K-series (William)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3
Focus condition
ms
Neutral
Corrective
Old
Mean Duration voiced portion K-series (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3
Focus condition
ms
Neutral
Corrective
Old
Series4
L-insertion
Insert L / H --- H assuming there is a potential TBU
a. jáax míis b. ja’ax míis | | | | Li H H Li Li H L H Li ‘first broom’ ‘green broom’
Archibald, John (1996) The acquisition of Yucatec Maya prosody. UC Berkeley International Conference of Phonological Acquisition. Berkeley, CA. 99-112.
Bricker, Victoria B., Po?ot Yah, Eleuteria & Dzul de Po?ot, Ofelia (1998) A dictionary of the Maya language as spoken in Hocabá, Yucatán. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press.
Blair, Robert W. & Vermont-Salas, Refugio (1965) Spoken Yucatec Maya. Book 1: Lessons 1-12. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University-University of North Carolina, Program in Latin American Studies.
Fisher, William M. (1976) On tonal features in the Yucatan dialects. Mayan Linguistics 1, 29-43.
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