this is a malay name
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This is aMalay name; the name Mohamad is apatronymic, not afamily name, and the person should be
referred to by thegiven name,Mahathir.
Yang Amat Berbahagia TunMahathir Mohamad
4thPrime Minister of Malaysia
In office
16 July 1981 31 October 2003
Monarch
Ahmad Shah
Iskandar
Azlan Shah
Jaafar
Salahuddin
Mizan Zainal Abidin(Regent)
Sirajuddin
Deputy Musa Hitam
Ghafar Baba
Anwar Ibrahim
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_names#Malay_nameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_names#Malay_nameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_names#Malay_nameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_of_Pahanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_of_Pahanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_of_Johorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_of_Johorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azlan_Shah_of_Perakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azlan_Shah_of_Perakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaafar_of_Negeri_Sembilanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaafar_of_Negeri_Sembilanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_of_Selangorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_of_Selangorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizan_Zainal_Abidin_of_Terengganuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizan_Zainal_Abidin_of_Terengganuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajuddin_of_Perlishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajuddin_of_Perlishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Hitamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Hitamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghafar_Babahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghafar_Babahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahathir_2007.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghafar_Babahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Hitamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajuddin_of_Perlishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizan_Zainal_Abidin_of_Terengganuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_of_Selangorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaafar_of_Negeri_Sembilanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azlan_Shah_of_Perakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_of_Johorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_of_Pahanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_names#Malay_names -
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Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Preceded by Hussein Onn
Succeeded by Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
4thDeputy Prime Minister of Malaysia
In office
5 March 1976 16 July 1981
MonarchYahya Petra
Ahmad Shah
Prime Minister Hussein Onn
Preceded by Hussein Onn
Succeeded by Musa Hitam
21stSecretary General of Non-Aligned Movement
In office
20 February 2003 31 October 2003
Preceded by Thabo Mbeki
Succeeded by Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Personal details
Born10 July 1925 (age 86)
Alor Star,British Malaya(nowMalaysia)
Political party United Malays National Organisation
Spouse(s) Siti Hasmah
Children Marina
Mirzan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Onnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Petra_of_Kelantanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Petra_of_Kelantanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_of_Pahanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_of_Pahanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Onnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Onnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Hitamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbekihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siti_Hasmah_Mohamad_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Mahathirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Mahathirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Mahathirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siti_Hasmah_Mohamad_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbekihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Hitamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Onnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Onnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_of_Pahanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Petra_of_Kelantanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Onnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi -
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Melinda
Mokhzani
Mukhriz
Maizura
Mazhar
Alma mater University of Malaya
Profession Physician
Religion SunniIslam
Signature
TunDr.Mahathir bin Mohamad (pronounced[mahar bn mohamat]). (born 10 July 1925) is a
Malaysianpolitician who was the fourthPrime Minister of Malaysia. He held the post for 22 years from
1981 to 2003, making him Malaysia's longest serving Prime Minister. His political career spanned almost
40 years.
Born and raised inAlor Setar,Kedah, Mahathir excelled at school and became a medical doctor. He
became active in theUnited Malays National Organisation(UMNO), Malaysia's largest political party,
before entering parliament in 1964. He served one term before losing his seat, before falling out with
the then Prime Minister,Tunku Abdul Rahmanand being expelled from UMNO. WhenAbdul Rahman
resigned, Mahathir re-entered UMNO and parliament, and was promoted to the Cabinet. By 1976, he
had risen to Deputy Prime Minister, and in 1981 was sworn in as Prime Minister after the resignation of
his predecessor,Hussein Onn.
During Mahathir's tenure as Prime Minister, Malaysia experienced rapid modernisation and economic
growth, and his government initiated a series of bold infrastructure projects. He was a dominant
political figure, winning five consecutive general elections and seeing off all of his rivals for the
leadership of UMNO. However, his accumulation of power came at the expense of the independence of
the judiciary and the traditional powers and privileges of Malaysia's royalty. He also deployed the
controversialInternal Security Actto detain activists, non-mainstream religious figures, and political
opponents including his sacked deputy,Anwar Ibrahim. Mahathir's record of curbing civil liberties and
his antagonism to western diplomatic interests and economic policy made his relationships with the
likes of the US, Britain and Australia difficult. As Prime Minister, he was an advocate of third-world
development and a prominent international activist for causes such as the anti-apartheid movement in
South Africa and the interests of Bosnians in the 1990sBalkans conflict.
He remains an active political figure in his retirement, having become a strident critic of his handpicked
successor,Abdullah Badawi, and actively supporting Abdullah's replacement byNajib Razak.
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Contents
[hide]
1 Childhood and medical career 2 Early political career 3 Return to politics and ascent to premiership 4 Prime Minister
o 4.1 Domestic affairs 4.1.1 Early years (19811987) 4.1.2 Exerting power (19871990) 4.1.3 Economic development to financial crisis (19901998) 4.1.4 The final years and succession (19982003)
o 4.2 Foreign relations 4.2.1 United States 4.2.2 Australia 4.2.3 Middle East and remarks about Israel and Jews 4.2.4 Statements on the Holocaust and Israel 4.2.5 Singapore 4.2.6 People's Republic of China 4.2.7 Bosnia-Herzegovina 4.2.8 Russian Federation 4.2.9 Developing world
5 Retirement 6 Other controversies
o 6.1 11 September attackso 6.2 Indigenous Orang Asli
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://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Foreign_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#The_final_years_and_succession_.281998.E2.80.932003.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Economic_development_to_financial_crisis_.281990.E2.80.931998.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Exerting_power_.281987.E2.80.931990.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Early_years_.281981.E2.80.931987.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Domestic_affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Prime_Ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Return_to_politics_and_ascent_to_premiershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Early_political_careerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Childhood_and_medical_careerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad 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o 6.3 Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission 7 Legacy 8 Books 9 References
o 9.1 Noteso 9.2 Citationso 9.3 Cited texts
[edit] Childhood and medical career
Mahathir was born at his parents' home in a poor neighbourhood ofAlor Setar, the capital of the state
ofKedah,British Malaya, on 10 July 1925.
[1][N 1]
His father, Mohamad, was of mixedMalayandSouthIndiandescent; his mother, Wan Tempawan, was Malay. Mahathir's non-Malay ancestry is a feature
shared by Malaysia's six prime ministers. But another aspect of Mahathir's birth set him apart from the
other five: he was not born into the aristocracy or a prominent religious or political family.[2][N 2]
Mohamad was a school principal whose low socio-economic status meant his daughters were unable to
enrol in secondary school, while Wan Tempawan had only distant relations to members of Kedah's
royalty. Both had been married previously; Mahathir was born with six half-siblings and two full-
siblings.[3]
The secondary school attended by Mahathir and founded by his father; now theSultan Abdul Hamid
College[5]
Mahathir was a hard-working school student. Discipline imposed by his father motivated him to study,
and he showed little interest in sports. He won a position in aselectiveEnglish mediumsecondary
school, having become fluent in English well ahead of his primary school peers.[6]With schools closed
during theJapanese occupation of Malayain World War II, he went into small business, first selling
coffee and laterpisang goreng(banana fritters) and other snacks.[1]After the war, he graduated from
secondary school with high marks and enrolled to study medicine at the King Edward VII College of
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ish_Malayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Setarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahathir_Mohamad&action=edit§ion=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Cited_textshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad#Kuala_Lumpur_War_Crimes_Commission 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Medicine in Singapore (now part ofNational University of Singapore).[7]In college he met his future wife,
Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali, a fellow medical student. After Mahathir graduated, he worked as a doctor in
government service before marrying Siti Hasmah in 1956 and returning to Alor Setar the following year
to set up his own practice. He was the town's first Malay doctor, and a successful one. He built a large
house, invested in various businesses, and employed a Chinese man to chauffeur him in hisPontiac
Catalina(most chauffeurs at the time were Malay).[8][9]He and Siti Hasmah had their first child,Marina,
in 1957, before conceiving three others and adopting three more over the following 28 years.[10]
[edit] Early political career
Mahathir had been politically active since the end of the Japanese occupation of Malaya, when he
joined protests against the granting of citizenship to non-Malays under the short-livedMalayan
Union.[11]He later argued for affirmative action for Malays at medical college. While at college he
contributed toThe Straits Timesunder the pseudonym "C.H.E. Det", and a student journal, in which he
fiercely promoted Malay rights, such as restoring Malay as an official language.[12]While practising as a
doctor in Alor Setar, Mahathir became active in UMNO; by the time of thefirst general electionfor the
independent state ofMalayain 1959, he was the chairman of the party in Kedah.[13]Despite his
prominence in UMNO, Mahathir was not a candidate in the 1959 election, ruling himself out following a
disagreement with then Prime MinisterTunku Abdul Rahman. The relationship between the two
Kedahans had been strained since Mahathir had criticised Abdul Rahman's agreement to the retention
of British andCommonwealthforces in Malaya after independence. Now Abdul Rahman opposed
Mahathir's plans to introduce minimum educational qualifications for UMNO candidates. For Mahathir
this was a significant enough slight to delay his entry into national politics in protest. The delay did not
last for long. In the followinggeneral electionin 1964, he was elected as the federal parliamentarian for
the Alor Setar-based seat of Kota Setar Selatan.[14]
Elected to parliament in a volatile political period, Mahathir, as a government backbencher, launched
himself into the main conflict of the day: the future of Singapore, with its large and economically
powerful ethnic Chinese population, as a state of Malaysia. He vociferously attacked Singapore's
dominantPeople's Action Partyfor being "pro-Chinese" and "anti-Malay" and called its leader,Lee Kuan
Yew, "arrogant". Singapore was expelled from Malaysia in Mahathir's first full year in parliament.[14][15]
However, despite Mahathir's prominence as a backbencher, he lost his seat in the1969 election,
defeated byYusof Rawaof thePan-Malaysian Islamic Party(PAS).[16]Mahathir attributed the loss of his
seat to ethnic Chinese voters switching support from UMNO to PAS (being a Malay-dominated seat, only
the two major Malay parties fielded candidates, leaving Chinese voters to choose between the Malay-
centric UMNO and the Islamist PAS).[17]Large government losses in the election were followed by the
race riotsof 13 May 1969, in which hundreds of people were killed in clashes between Malays and
Chinese. The previous year, Mahathir had predicted the outbreak of racial hostility. Now, outside
parliament, he openly criticised the government, sending a letter to Abdul Rahman in which the prime
minister was criticised for failing to uphold Malay interests. The letter, which soon became public, called
for Abdul Rahman's resignation.[18]By the end of the year, Mahathir had been sacked from UMNO's
Supreme Council and expelled from the party; Abdul Rahman had to be persuaded not to have him
arrested.[16][17]
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While in the political wilderness, Mahathir wrote his first book,The Malay Dilemma, in which he set out
his vision for the Malay community. The book argued that a balance had to be achieved between
enough government support for Malays so that their economic interests would not be dominated by the
Chinese, and exposing Malays to sufficient competition to ensure that over time, Malays would lose
what Mahathir saw as the characteristics of avoiding hard work and failing to "appreciate the real value
of money and property".[19]The book continued Mahathir's criticism of Abdul Rahman's government,
and it was promptly banned. The ban was only lifted after Mahathir became prime minister in 1981; he
thus served as a minister and deputy prime minister while being the author of a banned book.[16][20]
Academics R. S. Milne and Diane K. Mauzy argue that Mahathir's relentless attacks were the principal
cause of Abdul Rahman's downfall and subsequent resignation as prime minister in 1970.[21]
[edit] Return to politics and ascent to premiership
Abdul Rahman resigned in 1970 and was replaced byAbdul Razak Hussein. Razak encouraged Mahathir
back into the party, and had him appointed as aSenatorin 1973.[22]He rose quickly in the Razak
government, returning to UMNO's Supreme Council in 1973, and being appointed to Cabinet in 1974 as
the Minister for Education. He also returned to theHouse of Representatives, winning the Kedah-based
seat of Kubang Pasu unopposed in the1974 election.[16]One of his first acts as Minister for Education
was to introduce greater government control over Malaysia's universities, despite strong opposition
from the academic community.[23]He also moved to limit politics on university campuses, giving his
ministry the power to discipline students and academics who were politically active, and making
scholarships for students conditional on the avoidance of politics.[24]
In 1975, Mahathir ran for one of the three vice-presidencies of UMNO. The contest was considered to be
a battle for the succession of the party's leadership, with both Razak and his deputy,Hussein Onn, in
declining health. Each of Razak's preferred candidates was elected: former Chief Minister ofMelaka,
Ghafar Baba;Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, a wealthy businessman and member ofKelantan's royal family;
and Mahathir. When Razak died the following year, Hussein as his successor was forced to choose
between the three men to be Deputy Prime Minister; he also considered the ambitious ministerGhazali
Shafie. Each of Mahathir's rivals had significant political liabilities: Ghazali, having been defeated by the
others for a vice-presidency, lacked the support of UMNO members; Ghafar had no higher education
and was not fluent in English; and Razaleigh was young, inexperienced and, critically, unmarried. But
Hussein's decision was not easy. Hussein and Mahathir were not close allies, and Hussein knew the
choice of Mahathir would displease Abdul Rahman, still alive and revered as the father of Malaysia's
independence. After six weeks of indecision Mahathir was, much to his surprise, appointed as Hussein's
deputy. The appointment meant that Mahathir was the anointed successor to the prime
ministership.[25][26]
Mahathir is regarded has having been a successful Minister for Education and then Minister for Trade
and Industry (19781981).[21]In the latter post, he implemented a "heavy industries policy", establishing
aHICOM, a government-controlled corporation, to invest in the long-term development of
manufacturing sectors such as an indigenous car industry.[27]He spent much of his time in the ministry
promoting Malaysia through overseas visits.[24]However, Mahathir was not an influential Deputy Prime
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Minister. Hussein was a cautious Prime Minister who rejected many of Mahathir's bold policy proposals.
While the relationship between Hussein and Mahathir was distant, Ghazali and Razaleigh became
Hussein's closest advisers, often bypassing the more senior Mahathir when accessing Hussein.
Nonetheless, when Hussein relinquished power due to ill health in 1981, Mahathir succeeded him
unopposed and with his blessing.[28]
[edit] Prime Minister
[edit] Domestic affairs
Mahathir was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 July 1981, at the age of 56.[29]One of his first acts was to
release 21 detainees held under theInternal Security Act, including journalistSamad Ismailand a former
deputy minister in Hussein's government,Abdullah Ahmad, who had been suspected of being an
underground communist.[30]Otherwise, he approached his first two years in the job with caution,
knowing that he still had many enemies within his own party.[29]He appointed his close ally,Musa
Hitam, as Deputy Prime Minister.[31]
[edit] Early years (19811987)
Mahathir exercised caution in his first two years in power, consolidating his leadership of UMNO and,
with victory in the1982 general election, the government.[32][33]In 1983, Mahathir commenced the first
of a number of battles he would have with Malaysia's royalty during his premiership. The position of
Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Malaysian head of state, was due to rotate in to either the elderlyIdris Shah
IIofPerakor the controversialIskandarofJohor. Mahathir had grave reservations about the two
sultans. Both were activist rulers of their own states and Iskandar had only a few years earlier been
convicted of manslaughter.[34][35]Mahathir tried to pre-emptively limit the power that the new Agong
could wield over his government, introducing to parliament amendments to theConstitutionto deemthe Agong to assent to any bill that had not been assented within 15 days of passage by parliament. The
proposal would also remove the power to declare a state of emergency from the Agong and placed it
with the Prime Minister. The Agong at the time,Ahmad ShahofPahang, agreed with the proposals in
principle but baulked when he realised that the proposal would also deem Sultans to assent to laws
passed by state assemblies. Supported by the Sultans, the Agong refused to assent to the constitutional
amendments, which had by then passed both houses of parliament with comfortable majorities.[36][37]
When the public became aware of the impasse, and the Sultans refused to compromise with the
government, Mahathir took the streets to demonstrate public support for his position in mass rallies.
The press took the side of the government, although a large minority of Malays, including conservative
UMNO politicians, and an even larger proportion of the Chinese community, supported the sultans.After five months, the crisis resolved, as Mahathir and the sultans agreed to a compromise. The Agong
would retain the power to declare a state of emergency, but if he refused to assent to a bill, the bill
would be returned to parliament, which could then override the Agong's veto.[38]
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Mahathir's government used tariffs to support the development of theProtonas a Malaysian-made car.
On the economic front, Mahathir inherited theNew Economic Policyfrom his predecessors, which was
designed to improve the economic position of thebumiputera(Malaysia's Malays and indigenous
peoples) through targets and affirmative action in areas such as corporate ownership and university
admission.
[39]
Mahathir also actively pursued privatisation of government enterprises from the early1980s, both for the liberal economic reasons it was being pursued by contemporaries such asMargaret
Thatcher, and because he felt that combined with affirmative action for the bumiputera it could provide
economic opportunities for bumiputera businesses.[40]His government privatised airlines, utilities and
telecommunication firms, accelerating to a rate of about 50 privatisations a year by the mid-1990s.[41]
While privatisation generally improved the working conditions of Malaysians in privatised industries and
raised significant revenue for the government, many privatisations occurred in the absence of open
tendering processes and benefited Malays who supported UMNO. One of the most notable
infrastructure projects at the time was the construction of theNorthSouth Expressway, a motorway
running from the Thai border to Singapore; the contract to construct the expressway was awarded to a
business venture of UMNO.[42]
Mahathir also oversaw the establishment of the car manufacturerProtonas a joint venture between the Malaysian government andMitsubishi. By the end of the 1980s, Proton
had overcome poor demand and losses to become, with the support of protective tariffs, the largest car
maker in Southeast Asia and a profitable enterprise.[43]
In Mahathir's early years as Prime Minister, Malaysia was experiencing a resurgence of Islam among
Malays. Malays were becoming more religious and more conservative. PAS, which had in the 1970s
joined UMNO in government, responded to the resurgence by taking an increasingly strident Islamist
stand under the leadership of the man who in 1969 had defeated Mahathir for his parliamentary seat,
Yusof Rawa. Mahathir tried to appeal to religious voters by establishing Islamic institutions such as the
International Islamic University of Malaysiawhich could promote Islamic education under the
government's oversight. He also attractedAnwar Ibrahim, the leader of theMalaysian Islamic Youth
Movement(ABIM) to join UMNO. In some cases, Mahathir's government employed repression against
more extreme exponents of Islamism. Ibrahim Libya, a popular Islamist leader, was killed in apolice
shoot-outin 1985;Al-Arqam, a religious sect, was banned and its leader,Ashaari Mohammad, arrested
under the Internal Security Act.[44]Mahathir comprehensively defeated PAS at the polls in 1986, winning
83 seats of the 84 seats it contested, leaving PAS with just one MP.[45]
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[edit] Exerting power (19871990)
Any illusion that the 1986 election may have created about Mahathir's political dominance was short-
lived. In 1987, he was challenged for the presidency of UMNO, and effectively the prime ministership, by
Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. Razaleigh's career had gone backwards under Mahathir, being demoted from
the Ministry of Finance to the Ministry of Trade and Industry. Razaleigh was supported by Musa, whohad resigned as Deputy Prime Minister the previous year. While Musa and Mahathir were originally
close allies, the two had fallen out during Mahathir's premiership, with Musa claiming that Mahathir no
longer trusted him. Razaleigh and Musa ran for the UMNO presidency and deputy presidency on a joint
ticket against Mahathir and his new choice for deputy, Ghafar Baba. The tickets were known as Team B
and Team A respectively. Mahathir's Team A enjoyed the support of the press, most party heavyweights,
and evenIskandar, now the Agong, although some significant figures, such as future prime minister
Abdullah Badawi, supported Team B. In the election, held on 24 April 1987, Team A prevailed. Mahathir
was re-elected a by a narrow margin, receiving the votes of 761 party delegates to Razaleigh's 718.
Ghafar defeated Musa by a slightly larger margin. Mahathir responded by purging seven Team B
supporters from his ministry, while Team B refused to accept defeat and initiated litigation. In anunexpected decision in February 1988, theHigh Courtruled that UMNO was an illegal organisation as
some of its branches had not been lawfully registered.[46][47]Each faction raced to register a new party
under the UMNO name. Mahathir's side successfully registered the name "UMNO Baru" ("new UMNO"),
while Team B's application to register "UMNO Malaysia" was rejected. UMNO Malaysia under the
leadership ofTengku Razaleigh Hamzah, with the support of both of Malaysia's surviving former prime
ministers Abdul Rahman and Hussein, registered the partySemangat 46instead.[48]
Having survived the political crisis at least temporarily, Mahathir moved against the judiciary, fearing a
successful appeal by Team B against the decision to register UMNO Baru. He steered an amendment to
the Constitution through parliament to remove the general power of the High Courts to conduct judicialreview. The High Courts could now only engage in judicial review where specific acts of parliament gave
them the power to do so. The Lord President of theSupreme Court,Salleh Abas, responded by sending a
letter of protest to the Agong. Mahathir then suspended Salleh for "gross misbehaviour and conduct",
ostensibly because the letter was a breach of protocol. A tribunal setup by Mahathir found Salleh guilty
and recommended to the Agong that Salleh be dismissed. Five other judges of the court supported
Salleh, and were suspended by Mahathir. A newly constituted court dismissed Team B's appeal, allowing
Mahathir's faction to continue to use the name UMNO. According to Milne and Mauzy, the episode
destroyed the independence of Malaysia's judiciary.[49]
At the same time as the political and judicial crises, Mahathir initiated a crackdown on opposition
dissidents with the use of the Internal Security Act. The appointment of a number of administrators who
did not speak Mandarin to Chinese schools provoked an outcry among Chinese Malaysians to the point
where UMNO's coalition partners theMalaysian Chinese AssociationandGerakanjoined theDemocratic
Action Party(DAP) in protesting the appointments. UMNO's Youth wing held a provocative protest that
triggered a shooting by a lone Malay gunman, and only Mahathir's interference prevented UMNO from
staging a larger protest. Instead, Mahathir ordered what Wain calls "the biggest crackdown on political
dissent Malaysia had ever seen". Under the police operation codenamed "Lalang", 119 people were
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arrested and detained without charge under the Internal Security Act. Mahathir argued that the
detentions were necessary to prevent a repeat of the 1969 race riots. Most of the detainees were
prominent opposition activists, including the leader of the DAP,Lim Kit Siang, and nine of his fellow MPs.
Three newspapers sympathetic to the opposition were shut down.[50]
Mahathir suffered a heart attack in early 1989,[51]
but recovered to lead Barisan Nasional to victory inthe1990 election. Semangat 46 failed to make any headway outside Razaleigh's home state of Kelantan
(Musa had since rejoined UMNO).[52]
[edit] Economic development to financial crisis (19901998)
The expiry of theMalaysian New Economic Policy(NEP) in 1990 gave Mahathir the opportunity to
outline his economic vision for Malaysia. In 1991, he announcedVision 2020, under which Malaysia
would aim to become a fully developed country within 30 years.[53]The target would require average
economic growth of approximately seven per cent of gross domestic product per annum.[54]One of
Vision 2020's features would be to gradually break down ethnic barriers. Vision 2020 was accompanied
by the NEP's replacement, theNational Development Policy(NDP), under which some government
programs designed to benefit the bumiputera exclusively were opened up to other ethnicities.[55]The
NDP achieved success in one of its main aims, poverty reduction. By 1995, less than nine per cent of
Malaysians lived in poverty and income inequality had narrowed.[56]Mahathir's government cut
corporate taxes and liberalised financial regulations to attract foreign investment. The economy grew by
over nine per cent per annum until 1997 prompting other developing countries to try to emulate
Mahathir's policies.[57]Much of the credit for Malaysia's economic development in the 1990s went to
Anwar Ibrahim, appointed by Mahathir as Finance Minister in 1991.[58]The government rode the
economic wave and won the1995 electionwith an increased majority.[59]
Mahathir initiated a series of major infrastructure projects in the 1990s. One of the largest was theMultimedia Super Corridor, an area south ofKuala Lumpur, in the mould ofSilicon Valley, designed to
cater for the information technology industry. However, the project failed to generate the investment
anticipated.[60]Other Mahathir projects included the development ofPutrajayaas the home of
Malaysia's public service, and bringing aFormula One Grand PrixtoSepang.[61]One of the most
controversial developments was theBakun DaminSarawak. The ambitious hydro-electric project was
intended to carry electricity across theSouth China Seato satisfy electricity demand in peninsular
Malaysia. To deliver the project, Mahathir and the local Barisan Nasional government selected a head
contractor close to Mahathir without an open tendering process. The project subsequently suffered
from environmental protests, conflicts between contractors, and opposition from the 10,000 residents
who would be forcibly displaced from the Sarawak jungle. Work on the dam was eventually suspendeddue to theAsian financial crisis.[62]
The financial crisis threatened to devastate Malaysia. The value of theringgitplummeted due to
currency speculation, foreign investment fled, and the main stock exchange index fell by over 75 per
cent. At the urging of theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF), the government cut government spending
and raised interest rates, which only served to exacerbate the economic situation. In 1998, Mahathir
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reversed this policy course in defiance of the IMF and his own deputy, Anwar. He increased government
spending and fixed the ringgit to the US dollar. The result confounded his international critics and the
IMF. Malaysia recovered from the crisis faster than its Southeast Asian neighbours. In the domestic
sphere, it was a political triumph. Amidst the economic events of 1998, Mahathir had sacked Anwar as
Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, and he could now claim to have rescued the economy in
spite of Anwar's policies.[63]
In his second decade in office, Mahathir had again found himself battling Malaysia's royalty. In 1992,
Sultan Iskandar's son, a representativehockeyplayer, was suspended from competition for five years for
assaulting an opponent. Iskandar retaliated by pulling all Johor hockey teams out of national
competitions. When his decision was criticised by a local coach, Iskandar ordered him to his palace and
beat him. The federal parliament unanimously censured Iskandar, and Mahathir leapt at the opportunity
to remove the constitutional immunity of the sultans from civil and criminal suits. The press backed
Mahathir and, in an unprecedented development, started airing allegations of misconduct by members
of Malaysia's royal families. As the press revealed examples of the rulers' extravagant wealth, Mahathir
resolved to cut financial support to royal households. With the press and the government pitted againstthem, the sultans capitulated to the government's proposals. Their powers to deny assent to bills were
limited by further constitutional amendments passed in 1994. With the status and powers of the
Malaysian royalty diminished, Wain writes that by the mid-1990s Mahathir had become the country's
"uncrowned king".[64]
[edit] The final years and succession (19982003)
By the mid-1990s it had become clear that the most serious threat to Mahathir's power was the
leadership ambition of his deputy, Anwar. Anwar began to distance himself from Mahathir, overtly
promoting his superior religious credentials and appearing to suggest he favoured loosening the
restrictions on civil liberties that had become a hallmark of Mahathir's premiership.[65]However,
Mahathir continued to back Anwar as his successor until their relationship collapsed dramatically during
the Asian financial crisis. Their positions gradually diverged, with Mahathir abandoning the tight
monetary and fiscal policies urged by the IMF. At the UMNO General Assembly in 1998, a leading Anwar
supporter,Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, criticised the government for not doing enough to combat corruption
and cronyism. As Mahathir took the reins of Malaysia's economic policy over the coming months, Anwar
was increasingly sidelined. On 2 September, he was dismissed as Deputy Prime Minister and Finance
Minister, and promptly expelled from UMNO. No immediate reasons were given for the dismissal,
although the media speculated that it related to lurid allegations of sexual misconduct circulated in a
"poison pen letter" at the general assembly.[66]As more allegations surfaced, large public rallies were
held in support of Anwar. On 20 September, he was arrested and placed in detention under the Internal
Security Act.[67]
Anwar stood trial on four charges of corruption, arising from allegations that Anwar abused his power by
ordering police to intimidate persons who had alleged Anwar had sodomised them. Before Anwar's trial,
Mahathir told the press that he was convinced of Anwar's guilt. He was found guilty in April 1999 and
sentenced to six years in prison.[68]In another trial shortly after, Anwar was sentenced to another nine
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years in prison on a conviction for sodomy.[69]The sodomy conviction was overturned on appeal after
Mahathir left office.[70]
While Mahathir had vanquished his rival, it came at a cost to h
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