this stage number appears in both rem and nrem sleep

Stages Brain Waves

Disorders

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States

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This stage number appears in both REM and

NREM sleep

• Stage 1

Most healthful stage; 50% of adult sleep is here

• Stage 2

Dreams occur in this stage

• Stage 1 REM

Closest stage to consciousness

• Stage 1 NREM

Least EEG activity appears here

• Stage 4

Stage 2 NREM

• Sleep state

Stage 1 REM

• Dream State

Stage 1 NREM

• Hypnopompic State

Stage 3 NREM

• Hypnagogic state

Stage 4 NREM

• Hypnagogic state

Slowest brain waves

• Delta

Bursts of electrical energy seen in stage 2

• Sleep spindles

Seen during alert wakefulness

• Beta waves

Seen in relaxed wakefulness, early stage 1 NREM

• Alpha waves

Follow alpha waves in stage 1 and 2 NREM

• Theta waves

Leading cause of death in infants

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Not able to fall or stay asleep

• Insomnia

Two hypersomnias

• Narcolepsy and apnea

Bedwetting

• Enuresis

Night terrors and sleepwalking are 2 types

of this

• Parasomnias

Measures electrical activity in the brain

• Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Measures eye movement

• Electro-oculographEOG

Measures electrical impulses through muscle

• ElectromyogramEMG

Measures heart rate

• Electrocardiograph (EKG)

Amplifies signals and produces record of

physiological changes

• Polysomnograph

Deprived

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Rhythms Theories Awakening Mixed Questions

Difference between hours of sleep needed and

gotten.

• Sleep debt

Short episodes of sleep that intrude on wakefulness

•microsleeps

REM-deprived people exhibit this when allowed to sleep

naturally

• REM Rebound

East-west travel is an example of this, which is

easier to adapt to

•Phase delay

Older adults spend little time in this state of

sleep, thus awakening often

• Hypnagogic

Internal biological changes that occur daily

• Circadian rhythms

Hormone involved in inducing sleep

• Melatonin

Neurons in hypothalamus that control sleep-wake

cycle

• Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Gland that secretes melatonin

• Pineal

Length of free running sleep-wake cycle

• 25 hours

Temperature fluctuations without sleep counter this theory

• Cool off brain

We sleep at night due to this theory

• Self-protection (out of harm’s way)

Common sense theory

• Rest/ energy conservation

REM sleep is important for this

• Neural development

Francis Crick believes sleep allows us to do

this

• Unlearn or purge stimulus overload

Sleep disorder where you awake in panic without nightmare

•Night Terror

Babies are most likely to wake up in this stage

•1 REM

Adults are most likely to wake in this stage

• Stage 2 NREM

You are most difficult to awaken in this stage and state

• Stage 3 / 4 Hypnagogic

Sleep attacks while awake

• Narcolepsy

Sleepwalking most likely to occur in this stage

• Stage 4

Tingling sensation in legs at night

• Restless Leg Syndrome

Uncontrollable leg and arm movements during

sleep

• Myoclonic jerk

Sleepwalkers show these 2 types of brain waves

• Delta and alpha

Passive state of consciousness

•Sleep

Stage 1 REM is called this because large muscles are

paralyzed but smooth muscles of organs speed up

• Paradoxical sleep