tobi basics
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TOBI Basics
April 13, 2010
Intonation• Languages superimpose pitch contours on top of word-based stress or tone distinctions.
• This is called intonation.
• It turns out that English:
• has word-based stress
• and phrase-based pitch accents (intonation)
• The pitch accents are pragmatically specified, rather than lexically specified
• They change according to discourse context.
• In English, pitch accents align with stressed syllables.
Pitch Accent Types• In English, pitch accents can be either high or low
• H* or L*
• Examples: High (H*) Low (L*)
Yes. Yes?
H* L*
Magnification. Magnification?
• As with tones in tone languages, “high” and “low” pitch accents are defined relative to a speaker’s pitch range.
• My pitch range: H* = 155 Hz L* = 100 Hz
• Mary Beckman: H* = 260 Hz L* = 130 Hz
Information• Note that there’s a tendency to accent new information in the discourse.
• 4 different patterns for 4 different contexts:
H*
H*: Manny came with Anna.
H*
H*: Manny came with Anna.
L*
L*: Manny came with Anna?
L*
L*: Manny came with Anna?
• Note that:
•The H* is followed by a falling pitch pattern
• The L* is followed by a rising pitch pattern
Phrases• Intonation organizes utterances into phrases
• “chunks”
• Intonational phrases are the largest phrases
• Boundary tones mark the end of intonational phrases
• In the transcription of intonation, phrase boundaries are marked with Break Indices
• Hence, TOBI: Tones and Break Indices
• Break Indices are denoted by numbers
• 1 = break between words
• 4 = break between intonational phrases
Tone Types• There are two types of tones at play:
1. Pitch Accents
• associated with a stressed syllable
• may be either High (H) or Low (L)
• marked with a *
2. Boundary Tones
• appear at the end of a phrase
• not associated with a particular syllable
• may be either High (H) or Low (L)
• marked with a %
Sample TOBI Transcription
Tones: L* H%
Breaks: 1 1 1 4
Question Formation• Note that not all questions end in L* H%.
• What’s the intonational difference between these two?
Did you see Bob?
L*H%
Where did you go?
H* L%
• The upsloping intonation only applies to yes/no questions.
• Also note: “Uptalk”
• = application of L* H% pattern to declarative sentences.
Downstepping• There can be more than one pitch accent within an intonational phrase.
• Successive H* accents tend to drift downward in F0 within an intonational phrase.
• = downdrift, or downstepping
• This provides further evidence for phrasal organization.
• Downstepped H* accents are denoted with a !H*
• Anna gave Manny a mango.
H* !H* !H* L%
• There’s a lovely, yellowish, old one.
H* !H* !H* L%
Downstepping Pitch Track
H* !H* !H* L%
=271 Hz =238 Hz =200 Hz
Intermediate Phrases• A downstepping pattern can be reset by the presence of an intermediate phrase boundary.
• Example:
It’s lovely, and yellowish, and it’s an old one.
H* !H* L- H* L-L%
• Intermediate phrase boundaries are marked with a break index of 3.
• At the end of each intermediate phrase is a phrase accent
• Either Low (L-) or High (H-)
Intermediate Phrase Transcription
H* !H* L- H* L-L%
1 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 4
One Phrase vs. Two Phrases• No intermediate phrase boundary:
“I” means insert.
H* H*L-L%
1 1 4
• An intermediate phrase boundary, with a L- phrase accent:
“I” means insert.
H* L- H*L-L%
3 1 4
• Note: intermediate sense of disjuncture, between word and intonational phrase.
One Phrase vs. Two Phrases• No intermediate phrase boundary:
Marianna made the marmalade.
L* L* H-H%
1 1 1 4
• An intermediate phrase boundary, with a H- phrase accent:
Marianna made the marmalade.
L* H- L* H-H%
3 1 1 4
A Chunking Reviewutterance
intonational phrase (intonational phrase) ...
intermediate phrase (intermediate phrase) ...
(pitch accent) nuclear accent
(stressed syllable) stressed syllable
Break Indices• 4 marks boundaries between intonational phrases
• associated with a boundary tone (H% or L%)
• sense of complete disjuncture
• 3 marks boundaries between intermediate phrases
• associated with a phrase accent (H- or L-)
• lesser sense of disjuncture
• 1 marks boundaries between words
• 0 marks non-boundaries between words
• (2 marks uncertainties or apparent mismatches)
• rarely used
Combinations• Different combinations of phrase accents and boundary
tones have different connotations.
1. L-L% Declarative sentences
2. H-H% Yes/No questions (usually)
3. L-H% Continuations
4. H-L% A “plateau” pattern
• Upstep: boundary tones after H- are higher than normal.
Upstepping
• H-H%
• H-L%
“My name is Marianna.”
Bitonal Pitch Accents• In addition to H* and L*, there are three bitonal pitch accents.
• Here are the first two:
• L + H*
• L* + H
• The starred element denotes the tone which is associated with the stressed syllable.
• L + H* = high peak on stressed syllable, preceded by a sharp rise in pitch.
• L* + H = low pitch target on stressed syllable, followed by a sharp rise in pitch.
H* vs. L + H*• Marianna won it.
H*
L + H*
Note: informative vs. contrastive function
L* vs. L* + H• Only a millionaire.
• Marianna made the marmalade.
H* L* + H L- H%
L* L* H-H%
L + H* vs. L* + H• There’s a lovely one in Bloomingdale’s.
L* + H
L + H*
Filling the Gap• Another feature of phrase accents is that they fill in the gap between the nuclear accent and the boundary of the intermediate phrase.
L* + H L- H%
1 0 1 1 4
More Downstepping• Bitonal pitch accents can also undergo downstepping.
L + H* L + !H* L + !H* L-L%
1 1 1 1 1 4
H + !H*• The final pitch accent in the TOBI inventory is H+!H*.
• This one often appears at the beginning of phrases.
Pitch-Accents Round-up• There are five pitch accents:
• H*
• L*
• L + H*
• L* + H
• H + !H*
• The * attaches to stressed syllables.
• The final pitch accent in an intonational phrase is the nuclear accent.
• Generally perceived as more prominent.
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