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Today
1
• Final Exam posted today, due in one week• Take‐home, open‐notes exam
• Absolutely no collaboration allowed in any form
• Instructors will not answer any questions related to exam solutions or solution approaches
• Questions for clarification should be sent directly to the instructors via email, not posted to the blog
• Any clarifications of problem statements or corrections will be posted promptly on the course blog
• Review angle calculation in AC motor
• Last lecture today: conclusions
PMSM: steady‐state solution
2
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n
Tmrmrm
ia
ib
ic
PMSM+ va
+ vb
+ vc
0
1d
q
r
c
b
a
ii
Kiii
0
1d
q
r
c
b
a
vv
Kvvv
Trig identity:
cossincos 22 baba
0if,0if0
arctanaa
ab
13
2sin3
2cos
13
2sin3
2cos
1sincos1
rr
rr
rr
rK
idqa
vsdqa
Iiii
Vvvv
cossincos
cossincos
rMdrqq LIrIV
qrdd LIrIV
qMm IPT 22
3
Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehicles
3
Charger
Active balancing DC‐DC
DrivetrainDC‐DC
HV‐to‐LV DC‐DC
12V battery,Lights, Electronics, …
AC motor drive
Options (U.S.)AC Level 1: 120Vrms ACAC Level 2: 240Vrms AC
DC
Architectures, modeling and simulations of electric drivetrainsAnalysis, modeling, control, and design of vehicle power electronics
• Battery systems• DC‐DC: drivetrain converter, battery cell balancing, chargers• AC motor drive: machine and 3‐phase inverter
System Architectures, Modeling and Simulations
4
Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN 5017 course. Drivingcycle is a velocity-vs-time profile for the vehicle, operating on
flat ground. Driver uses gas pedal to track the reference velocity.
Top-Level EV Model
m
Vref
speeds
Forces
Iinv
Ebat
dist
Unit Conversion Scope
Electric VehicleDriver model
Driv ing cy cleRef erence Speed
Torque command(Gas & brake pedals)
Vehicle Monitoring
Vehicle Speed
• Vehicle dynamics, MATLAB/Simulink modeling• Hybrid (HEV), plug‐in hybrid (PHEV) and electric vehicles (EV)• Rating and sizing of drivetrain components
Energy Storage System (Battery)
5
• An introduction to battery electro‐chemistry
• Types and characteristics of battery cells, energy, power, cycle life, calendar life, cost
• Cell charge/discharge characteristics, electrical circuit modeling
• Battery management system, cell balancing
• Modeling and simulations of battery systems
Battery dynamic modeling and control are covered in IDEATE courses at UCCSECE 5710: Modeling, Simulation, and Identification of Battery Dynamics (Fall)ECE 5720: Battery Management and Control (Spring)
Bidirectional DC‐DC Converter
6
• Introduction to switched‐mode power converters
• Steady‐state operation, analysis and simulations
• Introduction to power semiconductor switching devices: diodes, IGBTs, MOSFETs
• Modeling of losses and efficiency• Averaged dynamic models• Control techniques: current and voltage control loops
• Simulations
AC Motor Drive
7
• An introduction to AC machine operation and models
• Permanent magnet synchronous machine
• Induction machine• 3‐phase DC‐to‐AC inverter operation and sinusoidal modulation
• Modeling and control in rotating reference frame, Park transformation
• Simulations
Complete System Model and Simulations
8
Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN 5017 course. Drivingcycle is a velocity-vs-time profi le for the vehicle, operating on
flat ground. Driver uses gas pedal to track the reference velocity.
Top-Level EV Model
m
Vref
speeds
Forces
Iinv
Ebat
dist
Unit Conversion Scope
Electric VehicleDriver model
Driv ing cy cleRef erence Speed
Torque command(Gas & brake pedals)
Vehicle Monitoring
Vehicle Speed
• Integration of developed subsystem models into a complete vehicle model
• System evaluation and design considerations
Speed
Forces
Inverter current
Battery energy
US06 drive cycle complete system simulation
9
EV Model Components
10
Timing Battery DC‐DC Electric Drive Vehicle
Physical limits /switching transitions
Switching period
Control loops / drive cycles
Control loops• Battery: BMS
• DC‐DC: current and voltage loops
• Electric Drive: DQ control – current loop compensators, ID and IQ reference generation
• Driver: Speed control
• Charger: Current and voltage loops
11
Model versions
• Hierarchical modeling and control• More detailed models used to validate functional models and analyze component interactions
• Controller designs typically de‐couple interactions between multiple control loops; detailed models can be used to analyze local stability
12
Model Battery DC‐DC Electric Drive
Functional ‐ Ideal SOC integrator Conversion ratio,integral controller
Ideal inverter and motor
Functional – loss model
Averaged steady‐state, conduction and switching losses, bi‐directional
Efficiency contours for motor, constant efficiency for inverter
Detail Li‐ion model, losses, hysteresis, time constants
Averaged, dynamic (LC), current and voltage loops
PMSM model with DQ control, averaged inverter model
Vision: Renewable Sources + Battery Electric Vehicles
13
• Zero GHG emissions, no petroleum• High efficiencies are feasible: >80% grid‐to‐wheel• Challenges
• Battery technology: cost, cycle life, power and energy density• Efficient, reliably and cost‐effective drivetrain components• Need for charging infrastructure• Limited Pchg, long charge‐up times
Pchg
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