today: health continued research methods * all extra credit due by next class wednesday may 29th the...
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Health ContinuedResearch Methods* All extra credit due by next class Wednesday May 29th
“The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely no good.” Samuel Johnson
Have some form of universal health careAttempting to implement universal health careNo universal health care
Source: World Health Organization 2010
Universal Health Care Availability
Sick Around The WorldHow did each of these nations provide national health
care?
England/United Kingdom/Great BritainJapanGermanyTaiwanSwitzerland
Which country?
Health Ministry controls costs of all procedures and
treatments:
a. England
b. Japan
c. Germany
d. Taiwan
e. Switzerland
Which country?
Citizens pay for health coverage based on income:
a. England
b. Japan
c. Germany
d. Taiwan
e. Switzerland
Which country?
Had a system like ours, but changed to universal
health care?
a. England
b. Japan
c. Germany
d. Taiwan
e. Switzerland
Which country?
National health service paid through taxes?
a. England
b. Japan
c. Germany
d. Taiwan
e. Switzerland
Which country?
Uses technology to control costs?
a. England
b. Japan
c. Germany
d. Taiwan
e. Switzerland
Answer the following questions with a partner 1. Crime: What is the social life of most serial killers like? 2. Crime: What is the intelligence level of most serial killers?3. Drug use: What happens to most people who return to drug use
after rehabilitation treatment?4. Age: Where do most elderly people tend to live (not which city, but
in what kind of situation)?5. Education: Have weapons related injuries in schools over the last 5
years increased, decreased, or stayed the same?6. Family: How does marriage impact a person’s sex life? 7. Age and Language: Is there an age group that learns new languages
more easily? If so which group?8. Education: What is the reason that a high number of K-12 teachers
in the U.S. quit within the first five years?
Social research, debunking myths
Myth: Serial killers are all dysfunctional loners
Fact: Many serial killers can hide in plain sight because they look just like everyone else with jobs, nice homes, and families.
What is the social life of most serial killers like?
Social research, debunking myths
Myth: Most serial killers are evil geniuses.
Fact: The serial killer as an "evil genius" is mostly a Hollywood invention
What is the intelligence level of most serial killers?
Social research, debunking myths
Myth: People who go back to drugs after rehab are hopeless and end up over dosing or in jail.
Fact: Completing a treatment program is just the first step. Recovery is a long process and frequently requires multiple treatment attempts
What happens to most people who return to drug use after rehabilitation treatment?
Social research, debunking myths
Myth: Growing old means dependency, probably in an institution
Fact: In 2009 just 3.4%of U.S. seniors lived in nursing homes
Where do most elderly people tend to live?
Social research, debunking myths
Myth: Married people have less satisfying sex lives, and less sex, than single people.
Fact: According to a large-scale national study, married people have more sex than their unmarried counterparts.
How does marriage affect a person’s sex life?
Social research, debunking myths
Myth: Children learn second languages quickly and easily.Fact: Current research indicates that children have no biological advantage in learning languages.
Is there an age group that learns new languages more easily? If so which group?
Social research, debunking myths
Myth: Weapons-related injuries in schools have increased dramatically in the last 5 years.Fact: Weapons-related injuries have not changed significantly in the past 20 years. Compared to neighborhoods and homes, schools are relatively safe
How have weapons related injuries in schools changed in the last 5 years?
Social research, debunking myths
Myth: Most teachers leave due to low pay, bad behavior
What is the reason that a high number of kindergarten through 12th grade teachers in the United States quit within the first five years?
Fact: Most teachers state that negative aspects of the school environment cause them to leave
What is the point of social research?• Some think sociology simply states the obvious• It is actually based on research and scientific methods• Often refutes “common sense”• Debunking=looking below the surface or behind the curtain of
every day life to gain a deeper understanding of society
Why study social research?
Benefits to all of usBenefits to Sociology MajorsBenefits to those who plan to earn a Master’s Degree
Purposes of conducting research
Exploration– Purpose to investigate a little understood issue
Description– Purpose is to paint a picture
– Describe all details
Explanation– Purpose to explain why events occurs
– Build, elaborate, or a test a theory
Steps in the research process
1. Select a topic2. Literature Review3. Research design/ Methods4. Collect data5. Code data6. Results and discussion7. Inform Others
Each steps has importance
1. Identify your topic Topic:Problems in Education
Refine the question:
Why do teachers quit?
2. Research-Literature Review Read 10 or more academic sources, explain what has already been
said about your topic, and what you will add to this body of work
3. Research Design/ Methods:Choose a way to examine the topic
• Create your hypothesis• How you will gather information?• Size of the study?• Who will be in the study?• What type of study?
Focus
Size of studyMacro= large scaleMicro=small
3. Research Design/ Methods:Choose a way to examine the topic
Quantitative Qualitative
Deals with numbers. Data can be measured.
Deals with descriptions. Data can be observed but not measured.
Surveys, tests Observations, interviews
3. Research Design/ Methods:
Qualitative data:•robust aroma •frothy appearance •strong taste •burgundy cup
Quantitative data:•12 ounces of latte •serving temperature 130º F. •serving cup 4 inches•cost $3.25
Example: Coffee
Quantitative Qualitative
Deals with numbers. Data which can be measured.
Surveys, tests
Deals with descriptions. Data can be observed but not measured.
Observations, interviews
3. Research Design/ Methods:
Qualitative data:friendly demeanors interested in volunteeringenvironmentalists positive school spirit
Quantitative data:672 students 394 girls, 278 boys 68% on honor roll 150 students accelerated in mathematics
Example: freshman class
Develop a hypothesis
Instead of asking a broad question: Why do teachers quit?Design a hypothesis focusing on relationships:
“What is the relationship between ____and ____?”
Or
“____are more likely to _____?”
What are the independent and dependent variables?(Look for dependent first)
What is the relationship between teacher pay and teachers quitting?
What is the relationship between student behavior and teachers quitting?
Teachers who work in low income schools are more likely to quit than those who do not.
independent
dependent
independent
independent
dependent
dependent
• Field Research /Participant Observation
• Experimental research
• Surveys
• Existing statistics
• Content Analysis
4. Collecting data
Ways of collecting data
1. Participant observation/
Field research
Researcher observes and records notes on people in a natural setting for an extended period of time.
Ways of collecting data
2. Experimental researchResearcher manipulates conditions for some
participants but not others, and then compares groups responses
Ways of collecting data
3. Survey ResearchGetting information through questionsInterviews or written surveys
Ways of collecting data
4. Existing statistics researchResearcher reexamines and analyzes data that has been
gathered by someone else
Example:
U.S. Census Reports on unemployment
Police reports on homicides
Ways of Collecting Data: Content Analysis
5. Content analysis Analyzing information in written or symbolic material:MusicMoviesTVMagazinesAds
Operationalize the variables:Define your variable.
How exactly will you measure the variables?
What is the relationship between adequate sleep and student participation?
dependent variable
independent variable
Survey students: Last night I had:A.0-5 hours of sleepB.5-7 hours of sleepC.8 or more hours of sleep
Observe class:•Count how many times students ask or answer a ?•Count how many times they contribute in small group discussions
Adequate sleep = 8-9 hours Participation = 1+ comment in whole group discussion, 3+ comments in small group discussion
5. Code, Analyze and Interpret Data
• Analyze your data
• Code your information (look for themes/patterns/trends)
• Present the data in an organized, interesting manner
• View The Joy of Stats
6. Results
• Discussion of results: interpret the data, discuss any shortcomings in your study
7. Inform others• Summary/ conclusions• Get study published• Make recommendations
Next class:• All extra credit due by next class -
Wednesday May 29th
• 5 points maximum
What would you research?• Design a study. Move desks into groups of 4,
select ANY topic (social problem) Possible topics:
teenage pregnancyalcoholism college drop outs violence in schools eating disorders gang membershipor others
IRB ApprovalInstitutional Review Board: committee required by federal law to ensure that research is conducted in a responsible, ethical manner.
Unethical Studies1931: Dr. Cornelius Rhoads conducted a cancer experiment in Puerto Rico purposely infecting subjects with cancer cells, 13 subjects died
1946-48: U.S. recently (Oct 2010) apologized for deadly experiments on hundred of Guatemalans injected with STD’sU.S. public health service doctors injected Guatemalan patients with syphilis and gonorrhea without their knowledge, to study the effect of penicillin as a treatment
1968: Sterilization study, Puerto Rican women were convinced to have tubal ligation (“tubes tied”) 1/3 of the women in the study were not told the operation was permanent
1932-1972: Tuskegee, Alabama. 399 African-American men were recruited for clinical study of syphilis Never told they had syphilis, never treated Given free medical exams and free meals
Steps in the research process1. Select a topic, create a research question: specific aims, purpose, betterment of society?
2. Literature review: helps you refine your question, state what you will add to
current research
3. Research designs/methods:carefully design to ensure high reliability and ethical
methods (how will you get your information?)
Steps in the research process4. Collect data: ethical, organized manner, may need IRB approval
5. Code data: organize your data and look for themes, create charts/graphs
Steps in the research process
6. Interpret: analyze, interpret, and discuss your results, include a discussion of any shortcomings in your methods
7. Inform: share conclusions and recommendations
Real Life Example
Gang Leader For A Day
Sudhir Venkatesh
•Professor of Sociology at Columbia University
•Spent 6 years living in the Robert Taylor Projects in Chicago
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