towards a democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future
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@KoljaKleinebergkajkoljakleineberg@gmail.com
Towards ademocratic, scalable, and sustainable
digital future
Kaj Kolja Kleineberg
When I was 13 years old...
56k modem... I got my first
now, less than 2 decades later...
online social network users2+ billion
internet users3+ billion
networked devices by 202050 billion
could lead to
Collective Intelligence
but also toMonopolies of Information
vision of our digital future.
We need a
democratic,scalable,
sustainable
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Self-organization of the digital world cancreate and sustain a desirable digital future
Par
tFo
cus
Democratic Scalable Sustainable
Digital diversity(no monopolies)
Efficient searchand navigation
Robust/resilient toperturbations
Decentralization(people in control)
Only rely on local knowledge
Ability to recover from losses
Digital ecology Geometry of multiplexes
Social Bitcoinincentive
10
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Self-organization of the digital world cancreate and sustain a desirable digital future
Par
tFo
cus
Democratic Scalable Sustainable
Digital diversity(no monopolies)
Efficient searchand navigation
Robust/resilient toperturbations
Decentralization(people in control)
Only rely on local knowledge
Ability to recover from losses
Digital ecology Geometry of multiplexes
Social Bitcoinincentive
10
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Self-organization of the digital world cancreate and sustain a desirable digital future
Par
tFo
cus
Democratic Scalable Sustainable
Digital diversity(no monopolies)
Efficient searchand navigation
Robust/resilient toperturbations
Decentralization(people in control)
Only rely on local knowledge
Ability to recover from losses
Digital ecology Geometry of multiplexes
Social Bitcoinincentive
10
Digital ecology: is digital diversitypossible?
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Evolution of isolated online social networks unfoldson top of underlying social structure
Online social network layer
Traditional contactnetwork layer
ActiveOnline & offline
PassiveOnline & offlineSusceptibleOnly offline
Mass media activation Viral activation
Deactivation Viral reactivation
12
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Digital ecosystem is formed by multiple networkscompeting for the attention of individuals
OSN 2
OSN 1
Underl.network
ActivePassiveSusceptible
Partial states}
Virality sharedistribution
between OSNsλi = ωi(ρ
a)λ
Rich-get-richermore active
networks obtainhigher share
Here: ωi = [ρai ]σ/
∑j [ρ
aj ]σ
σ: activity affinity
Does rich-get-richer effect always lead to thedomination of a single network?
13
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Digital ecosystem is formed by multiple networkscompeting for the attention of individuals
OSN 2
OSN 1
Underl.network
ActivePassiveSusceptible
Partial states}
Virality sharedistribution
between OSNsλi = ωi(ρ
a)λ
Rich-get-richermore active
networks obtainhigher share
Here: ωi = [ρai ]σ/
∑j [ρ
aj ]σ
σ: activity affinity
Does rich-get-richer effect always lead to thedomination of a single network?
13
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Coexistence is possible in a certain parameter regiondespite the rich-get-richer mechanism
StableUnstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
σ
ρ1,2
a
Coexistencedespite rich-get-richer
Digital diversityis fragile
14
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Coexistence is possible in a certain parameter regiondespite the rich-get-richer mechanism
StableUnstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
σ
ρ1,2
a
Coexistencedespite rich-get-richer
Digital diversityis fragile
14
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Coexistence is possible in a certain parameter regiondespite the rich-get-richer mechanism
StableUnstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
σ
ρ1,2
a
Coexistencedespite rich-get-richer
Digital diversityis fragile
14
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Digital diversity is possible but fragile
to route
strategy
Optimizes
Incentive
Sustains
digital diversity
Increases routingperformance
Social Bitcoin+ReputationStable
Unstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
ρ1a
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.50
0.75
σ
σ
ρ1,2
a
Fram
ewor
kR
esul
tFo
cus
Democratic
PRX 4, 031046Sci. Rep. 5, 10268Sci. Rep. 6, 25116
Scalable Sustainable
Is digital diversitypossible?
Search and navigationwith local knowledge
Incentives sustain diversedecentralized digital world
Network evolution &competition
Geometric correlations,mutual greedy routing
Digital diversity ispossible but fragile
Routing perfected byusing many networks
Digital diversity becomesrobust & routing improves
Ref
s Nature Physicsdoi:10.1038/nphys3812
arXiv:1604.08168
Social Bitcoins as incen-tive to route information
15
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Digital diversity is possible but fragile
to route
strategy
Optimizes
Incentive
Sustains
digital diversity
Increases routingperformance
Social Bitcoin+ReputationStable
Unstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
ρ1a
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.50
0.75
σ
σ
ρ1,2
a
Fram
ewor
kR
esul
tFo
cus
Democratic
PRX 4, 031046Sci. Rep. 5, 10268Sci. Rep. 6, 25116
Scalable Sustainable
Is digital diversitypossible?
Search and navigationwith local knowledge
Incentives sustain diversedecentralized digital world
Network evolution &competition
Geometric correlations,mutual greedy routing
Digital diversity ispossible but fragile
Routing perfected byusing many networks
Digital diversity becomesrobust & routing improves
Ref
s Nature Physicsdoi:10.1038/nphys3812
arXiv:1604.08168
Social Bitcoins as incen-tive to route information
Scalable
15
Geometric correlations in realmultiplexes:
scalable and efficient navigation
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Hidden metric spaces underlying real complex networksprovide a fundamental explanation of their observed topologies
Nature Physics 5, 74–80 (2008)
17
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Hidden metric spaces underlying real complex networksprovide a fundamental explanation of their observed topologies
We can infer the coordinates of nodes embedded inhidden metric spaces.
17
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Constituent network layers of real multiplex systemsare embedded separately into hidden hyperbolic space
Internet IPv4 network Internet IPv6 network
18
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Constituent network layers of real multiplex systemsare embedded separately into hidden hyperbolic space
Internet IPv4 network Internet IPv6 network
Are coordinates of same nodes in different layerscorrelated?
18
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Radial and angular coordinates are correlatedbetween different layers in many real multiplexes
0
π
2π
θ1
0
π
2π
θ2
50100150200
How do discovered geometric correlations affectsearch and navigationwith local knowledge?
19
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Radial and angular coordinates are correlatedbetween different layers in many real multiplexes
0
π
2π
θ1
0
π
2π
θ2
50100150200
How do discovered geometric correlations affectsearch and navigationwith local knowledge?
19
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Mutual greedy routing allows efficient navigationusing several network layers with only local knowledge
Forward messageto contact closestto target in metric
space
Messages switchlayers if contact hasa closer neighbor in
another layer
Delivery failsif message runs into
a loop (definesuccess rate P )
20
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Geometric correlations determine the improvement ofmutual greedy routing by increasing the number of layers
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0Hyperbolic routing
0.980
0.985
0.990
0.995
P
1 2 3 40
2
4
6
Layers
Mit
igat
ion
fact
or
opt. correlateduncorrelated
Angular correlations
Rad
ial c
orr
elat
ion
s
Reduction of failure rate
Routing is perfected by using many networkssimultaneously if correlations are present.
21
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Geometric correlations determine the improvement ofmutual greedy routing by increasing the number of layers
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0Hyperbolic routing
0.980
0.985
0.990
0.995
P
1 2 3 40
2
4
6
Layers
Mit
igat
ion
fact
or
opt. correlateduncorrelated
Angular correlations
Rad
ial c
orr
elat
ion
s
Reduction of failure rate
Routing is perfected by using many networkssimultaneously if correlations are present.
21
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Diversity improves performance of search and navigation
to route
strategy
Optimizes
Incentive
Sustains
digital diversity
Increases routingperformance
Social Bitcoin+ReputationStable
Unstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
ρ1a
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.50
0.75
σ
σ
ρ1,2
a
Fram
ewor
kR
esul
tFo
cus
Democratic
PRX 4, 031046Sci. Rep. 5, 10268Sci. Rep. 6, 25116
Scalable Sustainable
Is digital diversitypossible?
Search and navigationwith local knowledge
Incentives sustain diversedecentralized digital world
Network evolution &competition
Geometric correlations,mutual greedy routing
Digital diversity ispossible but fragile
Routing perfected byusing many networks
Digital diversity becomesrobust & routing improves
Ref
s Nature Physicsdoi:10.1038/nphys3812
arXiv:1604.08168
Social Bitcoins as incen-tive to route information
22
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Diversity improves performance of search and navigation
to route
strategy
Optimizes
Incentive
Sustains
digital diversity
Increases routingperformance
Social Bitcoin+ReputationStable
Unstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
ρ1a
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.50
0.75
σ
σ
ρ1,2
a
Fram
ewor
kR
esul
tFo
cus
Democratic
PRX 4, 031046Sci. Rep. 5, 10268Sci. Rep. 6, 25116
Scalable Sustainable
Is digital diversitypossible?
Search and navigationwith local knowledge
Incentives sustain diversedecentralized digital world
Network evolution &competition
Geometric correlations,mutual greedy routing
Digital diversity ispossible but fragile
Routing perfected byusing many networks
Digital diversity becomesrobust & routing improves
Ref
s Nature Physicsdoi:10.1038/nphys3812
arXiv:1604.08168
Social Bitcoins as incen-tive to route information
22
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Diversity improves performance of search and navigation
to route
strategy
Optimizes
Incentive
Sustains
digital diversity
Increases routingperformance
Social Bitcoin+ReputationStable
Unstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
ρ1a
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.50
0.75
σ
σ
ρ1,2
a
Fram
ewor
kR
esul
tFo
cus
Democratic
PRX 4, 031046Sci. Rep. 5, 10268Sci. Rep. 6, 25116
Scalable Sustainable
Is digital diversitypossible?
Search and navigationwith local knowledge
Incentives sustain diversedecentralized digital world
Network evolution &competition
Geometric correlations,mutual greedy routing
Digital diversity ispossible but fragile
Routing perfected byusing many networks
Digital diversity becomesrobust & routing improves
Ref
s Nature Physicsdoi:10.1038/nphys3812
arXiv:1604.08168
Social Bitcoins as incen-tive to route information
Sustainable
22
Could a »Social Bitcoin« sustain ademocratic digital world?
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Cryptocurrency »Social Bitcoins« are minedby users performing routing in the Internet
Individualsperform routinginstead of service
providers
Routinginformation is
rewarded by SocialBitcoins
Payoffdepends on routing
success &reputation
24
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Incentive to mine Social Bitcoins causes tendencyto be active in several networks simultaneously
Qualified Money
to route
active in many networks
Optim
izes strategy:
Incentive
Sustains digital divers
ity
Increases routing
performanceExchangeable
Social Bitcoin+Reputation
25
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Tendency to be active in several networks simultaneouslyinfluences distribution of attention between networks
Virality sharedistribution
between OSNsλi = ωi(ρ
a)λ
Rich-get-richermore active
networks obtainhigher share
Social Bitcoinstendency to useseveral networkssimultaneously
ωi(ρa) =
[ρai ]σ∑nl
j=1
[ρaj
]σ︸ ︷︷ ︸rich-get-richer
+ ξ(⟨ρa⟩ − ρai )︸ ︷︷ ︸Social Bitcoin incentive
ξ proportional to price of Social Bitcoins
26
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
Social Bitcoin incentive can make digital diversity robustbut only if its value is sufficiently high
ξ = 0.2 ξ = 1.0
Stable
Unstable
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
σ
ρ1,2a
Unstable FPStable FP
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
ρ1a
ρ2a
σ=0.75
Unstable FPStable FP
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
ρ1a
ρ2a
σ=1.5
Stable
Unstable
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
σ
ρ1,2a
Unstable FPStable FP
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
ρ1a
ρ2a
σ=1.75
Unstable FPStable FP
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
ρ1a
ρ2a
σ=2.5
27
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Multidimensional incentives could lead to sustainability
to route
strategy
Optimizes
Incentive
Sustains
digital diversity
Increases routingperformance
Social Bitcoin+ReputationStable
Unstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
ρ1a
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.50
0.75
σ
σ
ρ1,2
a
Fram
ewor
kR
esul
tFo
cus
Democratic
PRX 4, 031046Sci. Rep. 5, 10268Sci. Rep. 6, 25116
Scalable Sustainable
Is digital diversitypossible?
Search and navigationwith local knowledge
Incentives sustain diversedecentralized digital world
Network evolution &competition
Geometric correlations,mutual greedy routing
Digital diversity ispossible but fragile
Routing perfected byusing many networks
Digital diversity becomesrobust & routing improves
Ref
s Nature Physicsdoi:10.1038/nphys3812
arXiv:1604.08168
Social Bitcoins as incen-tive to route information
28
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Multidimensional incentives could lead to sustainability
to route
strategy
Optimizes
Incentive
Sustains
digital diversity
Increases routingperformance
Social Bitcoin+ReputationStable
Unstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
ρ1a
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.50
0.75
σ
σ
ρ1,2
a
Fram
ewor
kR
esul
tFo
cus
Democratic
PRX 4, 031046Sci. Rep. 5, 10268Sci. Rep. 6, 25116
Scalable Sustainable
Is digital diversitypossible?
Search and navigationwith local knowledge
Incentives sustain diversedecentralized digital world
Network evolution &competition
Geometric correlations,mutual greedy routing
Digital diversity ispossible but fragile
Routing perfected byusing many networks
Digital diversity becomesrobust & routing improves
Ref
s Nature Physicsdoi:10.1038/nphys3812
arXiv:1604.08168
Social Bitcoins as incen-tive to route information
28
We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future
A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Multidimensional incentives could lead to sustainability
to route
strategy
Optimizes
Incentive
Sustains
digital diversity
Increases routingperformance
Social Bitcoin+ReputationStable
Unstable
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Bifurcation diagram
ρ1a
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.50
0.75
σ
σ
ρ1,2
a
Fram
ewor
kR
esul
tFo
cus
Democratic
PRX 4, 031046Sci. Rep. 5, 10268Sci. Rep. 6, 25116
Scalable Sustainable
Is digital diversitypossible?
Search and navigationwith local knowledge
Incentives sustain diversedecentralized digital world
Network evolution &competition
Geometric correlations,mutual greedy routing
Digital diversity ispossible but fragile
Routing perfected byusing many networks
Digital diversity becomesrobust & routing improves
Ref
s Nature Physicsdoi:10.1038/nphys3812
arXiv:1604.08168
Social Bitcoins as incen-tive to route information
28
Take home message
vision of our digital future.
We need a
democratic,scalable,
sustainable
Make it happen!
Digital diversity, decentralization,
and multidimensional incentivescan lead to a democratic, scalable,
sustainableand digital future.
Thank you!
Kaj Kolja Kleineberg:
• kajkoljakleineberg@gmail.com
• @KoljaKleineberg
• koljakleineberg.wordpress.com
Evolution of the Digital Society reveals Balance between MassMedia and Viral InfluencePhysical Review X (4) 031046K.-K. Kleineberg, M. Boguña
Digital Ecology: Coexistence and Domination among InteractingNetworksSci. Rep. 5, 10268K.-K. Kleineberg, M. Boguña
Competition between global and local online social networksSci. Rep. 6, 25116K.-K. Kleineberg, M. Boguña
Hidden geometric correlations in real multiplex networksNature Physics, doi: 10.1038/NPHYS3782, URL: rdcu.be/i9iOK.-K. Kleineberg, M. Boguñá, M. A. Serrano, F. Papadopoulos
A »Social Bitcoin« could sustain a democratic digital worldarXiv:1604.08168 or ssrn.com/abstract=2771326K.-K. Kleineberg, D. Helbing
M. Boguñá, M. A. Serrano, F. PapadopoulosCollaborators:
Credits:
In the Distance: Angus MacRaeObsolete hardware DavidHaywardCables: jerry johnSurveillance: Jon Olav EikenesTeam icon: Joshua JonesCompass: Creative StallBitcoin: Mourad Mokrane, RUMegaphone: Alex Auda SamoraBiohazard: Shailendra ChouhanMoney: Lemon Liu
Layer icon: MentaltoyLoop: useiconic.comConnected: Muharrem FevziÇelikMulti-dimensional incentive:Gregor �rešnarReputation stars: GuilhemInternet router: Thomas UebeIndividual: lastsparkFlower: Nishanth Jois
Let's keep in touch!
Kaj Kolja Kleineberg:
• kajkoljakleineberg@gmail.com
• @KoljaKleineberg
• koljakleineberg.wordpress.com
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