traffic engineering 2

TRAFFIC

ENGINEERING BY-RAMIZ HAMDULAY

INTRODUCTION:o It is very important that traffic flow onRoads should be efficient safe and rapid.oTraffic engineering is the branch which

Deals with science of measuring traffic,Designing and operating system to achieve

Safe and efficient movements of personAnd goods.

oTo analyse the characteristics, traffic studies are made, studies are as follows:

1. Traffic volume study2. Speed study

3. Origin and destination4. Parking study

5. Accident studies

TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY:

oIt is defined as the survey of numberOf number of vehicle and pedestrains

Crossing section of road per unit duringAny selected period.

Purpose of study of traffic volume:1. Establish relative importance of any road.

2. Planning, designing and regulationof traffic.3. Structural design of road.

4. Planning and design of new streets.5. Establishment properties and schedules for

traffic improvements.6. Design of intersection and other control

devices.

Traffic Controlling Devices:

The arrangements or the provision made to the road users so as to avoid accidents

on the roads and for the free and effective traffic flow are known as traffic controlling

devices.

Traffic controlling devices:Generally following four devices are provided

on road to control the traffic:1. Road signs

2. Markings3. Signals

4. Traffic islands

Road signs:

Roads signs are provideed to warn, direct and guide the road users. They are in the form of symbols or inscription. They are mounted on

fixed or portable supports and are placed on the side of roads.

Further road signs are classified in three categories:

o Regulatory or mandotary signs.o Warning or caution signs .

o Informatory or guiding signs.

Regulators or mandatory signs :

oThese signs are used to inform the road users, certain rules and regulations which has to notice

for safe and free flow of traffic.oSome of the regulatory signs are:

A. Give way and stop signs:

B. Prohibitory signs :

C. Speed limit and vehicle control signs:

D. No parking, no stoping signs:

Warning or cautionary signs:

oThese are signs used to warn road users of certain hazardous conditions either on or

adjacent to the road ways, so that the motarist becomes cautious and may take the desired

action.

The various warnings signs used are:

Informatory sign :

o These are road signs used to guide road users along route,inform them about destination and

distance ,and provide other information so as to make the road travel easier and safe.

oAn informatory sign usually consist of a rectangular board of specified size. In case of

facility information signs, the size of rectangle shall be 800mm x 600mm for normal signs and

the size of square shall be 400mm and 300mm.

MARKINGS :• Traffic markings are the lines, patterns,

words, symbols or reflectors applied to the carraige way, kerbs,sides of islands or to

fixed objects near the road way.•The objects of the traffic marking is to

warn , inform and guide the road users. They are made by using prints in contrast with colours and brightness on pavements or

other background. Ordinary paints like oil paints are used for road markings.