traffic engineering studies
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Chapter 4
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Traffic studies may be grouped
into three main categories:
(1) Inventories,() !dministrative studies, and
(") #ynamic studies$
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(1) Inventories:
provide a listor graphic displayof
existing information, such as: street widths,
parking spaces,
transit routes, traffic regulations.
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() !dministrative studiesuse existingengineering records,
available in government agencies anddepartments.
include the results of surveys, whichmay involve:
field measurementsand/oraerial photography.
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(") #ynamic traffic studies
involve the collection of data under
operational conditionsand
include studies of: speed,
traffic volume,
travel time and delay,
parking, and crashes.
They are described in detail in this chapter.
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4$1 S%&T S%EE# ST'#IES
Spot speed studies are conducted toestimate the distribution of speedsof
vehicles in a stream of traffic at a particular
locationon a highway.
carried out by recording the speedsof asampleof vehicles at a specified location.
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S%&T S%EE# ST'#IES
'sed to:
Establish parameters for
traffic operation and control, such as:speed ones,
speed limits !"#th$percentile speed%
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4$1$1 ocations for Spot Speed Studies&epresent different traffic conditions on a
highway for basic data collection.
'id$blocks of urban highways and straight,level sections of rural highways for speedtrend analyses.
(ny location may be used for solution of a
specific traffic engineering problem.
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4$1$1 ocations for Spot Speed Studies
Shoud be seected to achieve the foo*ing:
)nbiased data*rivers be unaware
E+uipment concealed from the driver,
bservers inconspicuous.
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4$1$1 ocations for Spot Speed Studies
statistical analysis,
statistically ade+uate number of vehicle
speeds be recorded.
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4$1$ Time of #ay and #uration of
Spot Speed Studies
depends on the purposeof the study.
recommended when traffic is free$flowing,
during off$peakhours.
typically:
the duration is at least - hourand the sample sie is at least vehicles.
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4$1$" Sampe Si+e for Spot Speed StudiesThe largerthe sample sie, will give an
estimated meanwithin acceptable error
limits.(verage Speed'edian Speed'odal SpeedThe ith$percentile Spot Speed0aceStandard *eviation of Speeds
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4$1$4 ethods for Conducting Spot
Speed Studies manual and automatic
manual method is seldom used
automatic devices
-. road detectors
1. radar$based
. the principles of electronics.
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&oad *etectors pneumatic road tubes 2 induction loops
collect data on speeds 2 volume at the
same time !dvantage:
3uman errors are considerably reduced
#isadvantages: expensive
may, affect driver behavior,
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0neumatic road tubes laid across the lane in which data are to be
collected.
4hen moving vehicle passes over, an airimpulse is transmitted to the counter.
two tubes are placed across the lane, 1 m
apart.
(n impulse is recorded when the front
wheels of a moving vehicle pass over the
first tube5
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0neumatic road tubes a second impulse is recorded when the
front wheels pass over the second tube.
The time elapsed between the two
impulses and the distancebetween the
tubes are used to compute the speedof
the vehicle.
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inductive loop a rectangular wire loop buriedunder the
roadway surface.
6t operates on the principle that a
disturbancein the electrical field is created
when a motor vehicle passes across it.
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&adar$7ased Traffic Sensors
Electronic$0rinciple *etectors
traffic characteristics, such as speed,volume, +ueues, and headways are
computed.
)sing video image processing
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!a%&T'S *eployed in the 8orward 9ooking 'ode
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!b%&T'S *eployed in the Side$fire 'ode
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!a% Schematic 6llustration
of the (uto scope
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!b% The (uto scope *eployed
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4$1$- %resentation and !naysis of
Spot Speed #ata Statistical methods
(nalying data
fre+uency histogram
cumulative fre+uency distribution curve
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E.ampe 4$ *etermining Speed
haracteristics from a Set of Speed
*ata.
Table ;.1 shows the data collected on a rural
highway in
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-. The arithmetic mean speed
1. The standard deviation
. The median speed
;. The pace
#. The mode or modal speed
=. The "#th$percentile speed
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Soution: The speeds range from ;." to =#. km/h,
giving a speed range of .1.
8or eight classes, the range per class is .>#km/h5
for 1 classes, the range per class is -.#- km/h.
6t is convenientto choose a range of 1 km/h per
classwhich will give -= classes. ( fre+uency distribution table can then be
prepared, as shown in Table ;..
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Tabe 4$ Speed *ata btained on a &ural 3ighway
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/igure 4$4 3istogram of bserved
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Tabe 4$" 8re+uency *istribution Table for Set of Speed *ata
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/igure 4$- 8re+uency *istribution
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/igure 4$0 umulative *istribution
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The median speed ;@ km/h,
the #th$percentile speed.
"#th$percentile speed is #; km/h
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4$ &'E ST'#IES
1$ !verage !nnua #aiy Traffic!((*T%
the average of 1;$hour counts collected
every day of the year.
$ !verage #aiy Traffic !(*T%
the average of 1;$hour counts collected
over a number of days greater than onebut less than a year.
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4$ &'E ST'#IES
"$ %ea2 3our oume!03
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4$$1 ethods of Conducting
oume Counts 'anual 'ethod
(utomatic 'ethod
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/igure 4$Aamar Traffic *ata ollector T*$- 1 3ooked to a omputer
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8igure ;.@ (pollo Traffic ounter/lassifier
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/igure 4$15 Example of ounters that &e+uire the 9aying of Subsurface *etectors
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/igure 4$11 Traffic Eye )niversal System
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/igure 4$1Example of Station 9ocations for a ordon ount
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4$$ Types of oume Counts *epending on the anticipated use of the
data to be collected.
6ntersection ounts vehice cassifications,
through movements,
turning movements$
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4$$ Types of oume Counts 0edestrian
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4$$" Traffic oume
#ata %resentation
Traffic /o* aps:
volume of traffic oneach route is
represented by the
width of a band.
Figure 4.13 shows a
typical traffic flow map.
/igure 4$1" Example of a Traffic 8low 'ap
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/igure 4$14 6ntersection Summary Sheet
Intersection Summary
Sheets:
Figure 4.14shows atypical intersection
summary sheet.
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4$$" Traffic oume #ata
%resentation Time$7ased *istribution harts:
see 8igure ;.-#
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/igure 4$1- Traffic
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/igure 4$1- Traffic
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Tabe 4$4 Summary of Traffic
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(dBustment of 0eriodic ounts
Expansion 8actors from ontinuous
ount Stations.
3ourly expansion factors !3E8s% are
determined by the formula
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*aily expansion factors !*E8s% are
computed as
'onthly expansion factors !'E8s% are
computed as
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Tabe 4$- 3ourly Expansion 8actors for a &ural 0rimary &oad
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Table ;.= *aily Expansion 8actors for a &ural 0rimary &oad
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Tabe 4$ 'onthly Expansion 8actors for a &ural 0rimary &oad
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4$" T6!E TIE !7# #E!8
ST'#IES Travel time: time re+uired to travel from
one point to another on a given route. the locations, durations, and causes of
delays.
good indication of the level of service identifying problem locations,
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4$"$1 !ppications of Trave Time and#eay #ata efficiency of a route
locations with relatively high delays causes for delays before$and$after studies
relative efficiency of a route travel times on specific links economic studies
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4$"$ #efinition of Terms 6eated toTime and #eay Studies
1$ Trave time: time taken by a vehicle totraverse a given section of a highway.
$ 6unning time: time a vehicle is actually inmotion
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;..1 *efinition of Terms &elated to Time and*elay Studies
"$ #eay time lost due to causes beyond thecontrol of the driver.
4$ &perationa deay: delay caused by theimpedance of other traffic.
!for example, parking or unparkingvehicles%,
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-$ Stopped9time deay0$ /i.ed deay: caused by control devices
such as traffic signals, regardless of the
traffic volume
$ Trave9time deay: differencebetween the
actual travel time and the travel time
obtainedby assuming that a vehicle
traverses at an average speed e+ual tothat for an uncongestedtraffic flow
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4$"$" ethods for Conducting Trave
Time and #eay Studies 'ethods &e+uiring a Test
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Tabe 4$ Speed and *elay 6nformation
T ffi E i i St di
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Moving-Vehicle Technique(moving observer)
the observer makes a round trip on a test
section 8igure ;.-=, The observer starts at section C$C, drives
the car eastward to section D$D,
turns the vehicle around
drives westward to section C$C again
T ffi E i i St di
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/igure 4$10 Test Site for 'oving$
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Moving-Vehicle Technique. foo*ing data are coected as The time it takes to travel east from C$C to
D$D !Te%, in minutes The time it takes to travel west from D$D to
C$C !Tw%, in minutes
The number of vehicles traveling west in
the opposite lane while the test car is
traveling east !Ne%
T ffi E i i St diT ffi E i i St di
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/igure 4$10 Test Site for 'oving$
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Moving-Vehicle Technique.
The number of vehicles that overtake the
test car while it is traveling west from D$D
to C$C, that is, traveling in the westbounddirection !Ow%
The number of vehicles that the test car
passes while it is traveling west from D$Dto C$C, that is, traveling in the westbound
direction !Pw%
T ffi E i i St diT ffi E i i St di
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Moving-Vehicle Technique. The volume !Vw% in the westbound
direction can then be obtained from the
expression:
T ffi E i i St diT ffi E i i St di
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where !Ne Ow Pw% is the number ofvehicles traveling westward that cross
the line C$C during the time !TeTw%.
Similarly, the average travel time in thewestbound direction is obtained from
T ffi E i i St diT ffi E i i St di
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T ffi E i i St diT ffi E i i St di
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T ffi E i i St diT ffi E i i St di
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T ffi E i i St diT ffi E i i St di
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ethods 7ot 6e;uiring a Test
ehice
!icense-"late#bservations
observers at the beginning and end ofthe test section.
Each observer records the last three or
four digits of the license plate of eachcar that passes, together with the time
at which the car passes.
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in the office by matching the times of
arrival at the beginning and end of the
test section for each license plate
recorded. difference between these times is the
traveling time of each vehicle.
average of these is the averagetraveling time on the test section.
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a sample sie of # matched license
plates.
$nterviewsobtaining information from
people who drive on the study siteregarding their travel times, experience
of delays, re+uires the cooperation of
the people.
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$T% &'vance' Technologies (dvanced technologies
ell phones
0S satellite system
technology is used to determine average
speeds and travel times along highways
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4$4 %!6
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0roviding ade+uate parking space to
meet the demand for parking in the
entral 7usiness *istrict !7*%
This problem usually confronts a citytraffic engineer.
solution is not simple, 0arking studies
are used to determine the demandforand the supplyof parkingfacilities.
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4$4$1 Types of %ar2ing /aciities
n$Street 0arking 8acilities also known as curb facilities. 0arking bays
are provided alongside the curb on one orboth sides of the street.
unrestricted parking
unlimited and free &estricted parking facilities
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n$Street 0arking 8acilities limited to specific times for a maximum
duration.
may or may not be free. handicapped parking
bus stops
loading bays.
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ff$Street 0arking 8acilities privately or publicly owned5
surface lots and garages.
Self$parking garages
attendant$parking garages
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4$4$ #efinitions of %ar2ing Terms
1$ !space9houris a unit of parking that
defines the use of a single parking
space for a period of - hour.
$ %ar2ing voumeis the total number of
vehicles that park in a study area
during a specific length of time, usuallya day.
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"$ %ar2ing accumuationis the number ofparked vehicles in a study area at any
specified time.
4$ par2ing oadthe number of space$hoursused during the specified period of time.
-$ %ar2ing durationlength of time a vehicle is
parked at a parking indication of how
fre+uently a parking space becomesavailable.
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0$ %ar2ing turnoverrate of use of aparking space.
btained by dividing the parking
volume for a specified period by the
number of parking spaces.
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4$4$" ethodoogy of %ar2ing Studies
6nventory of Existing 0arking 8acilities detailed listing of the location and all other
relevant characteristics of each legalparking facility, private and public.
The study area includes both on$ and off$
street facilities.
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Type and number of parking spaces at each
parking facility
Times of operation and limit on duration of parking,
if any
Type of ownership !private or public%
0arking fees, method of collection &estrictions
ther restrictions, loading and unloading ones,
bus stops, taxi ranks
0ermanency The inventory should be updated at regular
intervals of about four to five years.
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4$4$" ethodoogy of %ar2ing Studies
ollection of 0arking *ata &ccumulation
by checking the amount of parking during
regular intervals on different days of the week.
arried out on an hourly or 1$hour basis
used to determine hourly variations of parking
and peak periods of parking demand.
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ollection of 0arking *ata Turnover an' uration
collecting data on a sample of parking spaces
in a given block. recording the license plate of the vehicle
parked on each parking space in the sample at
the ends of fixed intervals during the study
period. The length of the fixed intervals depends on
the maximum permissible duration.
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Turnover an' uration 8or example, if the maximum permissible
duration of parking at a curb face is - hour, a
suitable interval is every 1 minutes.
6f the permissible duration is 1 hours, checking
every minutes would be appropriate.
Turnover is then obtained from the e+uation
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/igure 4$1 0arking (ccumulation at a 0arking 9ot
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%ar2ing #emand by interviewing drivers at the various parking
facilities
6nterview all drivers using the parking facilities
on a typical weekday between ": a.m. and
-: p.m.
6nformation include !-% trip origin, !1% purpose
of trip, !% driverFs destination after parking.
the location of the parking facility, times of
arrival and departure, vehicle type.
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%ar2ing #emand 0arking interviews also can be carried out
using the postcard techni+ue,
about to # percent of the cards distributed
are returned.
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