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TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Organizational Applications of Transactional Analysis
Customer Service Communication analysis Interpersonal Problem Solving Management Development Performance Appraisal Performance Counselling Personal Development Conflict Management
Interviewing Skills Telephone Skills Team Building Workplace Counselling Sales Training
Transactional Analysis was developed by Dr. Eric Berne as an approach to psychoanalysis and therapy.
BASIC TA CONCEPTS
THE THREE EGO STATES
Every person regardless of age, has 3 main behavioral characteristics:
Parent (P) Adult (A) Child (C).
These are called Ego states
Berne says ‘In each person, there is the same little person he was when he was
three years old. There are also within him his own parents.’
PARENT
Everything a child sees or hears his parents (or parents substitutes) do is recorded in the ‘Parent’. These recordings consist of the following:
1) The No’s directed at the toddler 2) The ‘Don'ts’ 3) The expressions of Pleasure of a
happy mother
The looks of delight of a Proud father. The pronouncements- never tell a lie,
clean your shoes, , keep a good company etc.
Parent Characteristics
phrases and attitudes starting with 'under no circumstances', 'always' and 'never forget’
angry or impatient body-language and expressions, finger-pointing, patronizing gestures.
CRITICAL PARENT NURTURING PARENT
2) CHILD
While external events are recorded as that body of data we call the Parent, there is another recording being made simultaneously.
This is the recording of internal events, the responses of the little person to what he sees and hears.
These recordings consist of: Negative data: he is small, he is
dependent, he is inept, he is clumsy, its his fault always, etc.
Positive data: creativity, curiosity, the desire to explore, the urges to touch, feel and experience.
The countless grand a-ha experiences: the first drinking from the garden hose, the first stroking of the soft puppy, the first time the lights go on in response to his flicking the switch.
Child Characteristics
Physical - Emotionally sad expressions, despair, temper tantrums, whining voice, rolling eyes, shrugging shoulders, teasing, delight, laughter, raising hand to speak, squirming and giggling.
Verbal - Baby talk, I wish, I dunno, I want, I'm gonna, I don't care, oh no, not again, things never go right for me, worst day of my life, bigger, biggest, best, many superlatives, words to impress.
FUN LOVING CHILD ADAPTED CHILD
3) ADULT
As the child attains the age of 10 months, he begins to experience the power of locomotion. He finds that he is able to do something on his own. This self-achievement is recorded as “Adult’
Adult Characteristics
Physical - attentive, interested, straight-forward, tilted head, non-threatening and non-threatened.
Verbal - why, what, how, who, where and when, how much, in what way, comparative expressions, reasoned statements, true, false, probably, possibly, I think, I realize, I see, I believe, in my opinion
PARENT
Critical Parentmakes rules and sets limitsdisciplines, judges and criticizes
Nurturing Parent advises and guidesprotects and nurtures
ADULT
concerned with data and factsconsiders options and estimates probabilitiesmakes unemotional decisionsplans and makes things happen
CHILD
Free (Natural) Childfun-loving and energeticcreative and spontaneous
Adapted Childcompliant and politerebellious and manipulative
Parent is the ‘taught’ concept of life Adult is the ‘thought’ concept of life. Child is the ‘felt’ concept of life.
SUMMARY of EGO STATES
IDENTIFY THE EGO STATES
1. “Why can’t you ever get to work on time?” _______
2. “We will run out of material at 2.30 p.m.” _______
3. “ I think Transactional Analysis is fun.” _______
4. “Be careful of the puddles in the car park.” _______
5.“Sue, you’ve done a really good job producing that report.”_______
6. “This cup of tea is horrible!” _______ 7. “We have reduced paperwork by 10%
in 10 weeks.” _______ 8. “All Accountants are really boring
people!” _______
9. “I’ll try.” _______ 10. “They have developed a very
advanced welding process.” _______
TRANSACTIONS
Transactions refer to a flow of communications between two people.
The transaction consists of a stimulus by one person and a response by another
Analyzing the Transactions
The first step in analyzing the transactions is to discover which part of each person-Parent, Child or Adult is originating each stimulus and response.
WORDS:
CP: never, should, ought, must, stupid, ridiculous
NP : good, nice, I love you, splendid , don’t worry ,let me help
A : when, how, what, why, where, alternative.
FC :wow, fun, want, lovely, super, hi.
AC : no, wish, I am sick, hope, sorry, after you
VOICECP: strong, critical, authoritative
NP: soft, loving, encouraging, concerned
A: even, calm, confident, unemotional,
FC: free, excited, energetic, giggling
AC : whining , defiant, apologetic, placating.
GESTURES
CP: closed ,pointed fingers, angry, frightening,
NP :Open arms, accepting, gentle, caressing
A: erect, level eye, straight, formal,
FC: uninhibited, wide eyed, flirtatious, playful
AC : pouting, sullen, immobile, distant
ATTITUDE
CP: judgmental, Moralistic
NP: understanding, caring
A: open, evaluative
FC: curious, changeable
AC : conforming, ashamed
KINDS of Transactions
1) Complementary Transactions 2) Crossed Transactions 3) Duplex Transactions
Complementary Transaction
The simplest kind of transaction is the complementary transaction, where the arrows showing the communication of ego states with one another are parallel.
Example 1
Husband: This could be 'Look, you can't just go around spending my hard-earned money on new dresses whenever you feel like it'
Wife: You're right. I'm sorry, I won't do it again.
Example 2
Marketing manager:- “I think you must work on the contents of your presentations before meeting the client”
Salesman:- “Ok sir, I will do it definitely, and try my best”
PARENT
ADULT
CHILD
PARENT
ADULT
CHILD
CROSSED TRANSACTIONS
In a crossed transaction, an ego state different than the ego state which received the stimuli is the one that responds.
Example
Husband: Dear, where are my cuff links? Wife: I haven’t seen them but I’ll help you
search. (Complementary response) Wife: You should have kept them at the
right place. (Crossed response)
PARENT
ADULT
CHILD CHILD
ADULT
PARENT
First speaker: "Our deadline for getting this report into the
mail is seven tonight. We've got a couple
of secretaries standing by." Second speaker: "Why do you always leave things until the last
moment? You do it every time. I've told
you before..."
PARENT
ADULT
CHILD CHILD
ADULT
PARENTPARENT
DUPLEX TRANSACTION
In a duplex transaction, there are two separate levels: an overt, social level and a covert psychological level, where the explicit social conversation occurs in parallel with an implicit psychological transaction.
Example
Husband comes home and writes “I love you’ in the dust on the coffee table.
Parent: ‘ Why don’t you ever clean this place up ? ’
Child: ‘Please don’t get mad at me if I criticize you ?’
PARENT
ADULT
CHILDCHILD
ADULT
PARENT
STROKES
A stroke is a unit of attention which provides stimulation to an individual.
Stroking can be physical as well as verbal. It can be in the form of a hug, a pat or a smile.
We all have a craving for strokes.
Positive strokes (compliments, praise) satisfy most.
Negative strokes (criticism, ridicule) are more satisfying than no strokes at all.
The 4 Life Positions
We experience all these positions at some time or the other in our childhood and then we relive them again when we grow up.
I’m not OK-You are OK I’m not OK-You are not OK I’m OK-You are not OK I’m OK-You are OK
(1) I’m not Ok-You are OK
This is the universal position of early childhood.
In the first year of his life, the child feels dependent upon his parents for his survival.
His strong need for striking is satisfied because he has to be picked up and cared for.
MANAGER I’m not Ok-You are Ok- Helpless, dependent, indecisive.
(2) I’m not Ok-You are not Ok
By the end of first year, the stroking reduces down drastically ‘coz the child learns to walk and he no longer has to be picked up.
In addition, punishments become harder. I’m Not Ok: The child feels that he is not
Ok ‘coz he is getting more of scolding and punishments.
You are not Ok: You have stopped giving me strokes that used to make me comfortable.
Manager I' am not Ok-You are not Ok- Hopeless, Ineffective, lack of trust, low self esteem.
(3) I’m Ok-You are not Ok
If a child suffers brutality by his parents, he shifts from the 2nd position to this position.
A child who has been beaten up by his parents mercilessly and faces extreme anger from them, finds comfort in loneliness.
He feels ‘OK’ when he is alone and away from the sight of his brutal ‘Not Ok’ parents.
Manager- I’ am Ok- You are not Ok-Angry, Lack of delegation, Lack of trust, Overburdened.
(4) I’m Ok-You are Ok
It is considered to be the best position. It reflects both mental and physical
health and well-being of the child. It results from sufficient stroking and
caring.
Manager- I' am Ok-You are Ok- Cheerful, Optimistic, Trusting, Motivating.
Only 7% of meaning is in the words spoken.
38% of meaning is paralinguistic (the way that the words are said).
55% is in facial expression.
GAMES
"A game is an ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions progressing to a well-defined, predictable outcome. Descriptively, it is a recurring set of transactions... with a concealed motivation... or gimmick."
The interactions ultimately progress to an outcome in which one individual obtains a "payoff" or "goal." In most cases, the participants of the games are unaware that they are "playing."
Games People Play
IF IT WEREN’T FOR YOU (IWFY) SEE WHAT YOU MADE ME DO
THANK YOU
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