transceiver
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• transceiver
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Transceiver
1 Technically, transceivers must combine a significant amount of the transmitter and receiver handling
Electronic circuit|circuitry
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Transceiver - Radio technology
1 In radio terminology, a transceiver means a unit which contains both a receiver and a transmitter. From the
beginning days
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Transceiver - Radio technology
1 An example of a transceiver would
be a walkie-talkie, or a CB radio.
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Transceiver - RF Transceiver
1 The RF Transceiver uses RF modules for high speed data transmission. The micro electronic circuits in the digital-RF
architecture work at speeds up to 100GHz. The objective in the design was to bring
digital domain closer to the antenna, both at the receive and transmit ends using software
defined radio (SDR). The software-programmable digital processors used in the
circuits permit conversion between digital baseband signals and analog RF.
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Transceiver - Telephony
1 On a wired telephone, the handset contains the transmitter and receiver for the sound reproduction|audio and in the 20th century was usually wired to the base unit by tinsel wire. The whole unit is colloquially referred to
as a receiver. On a mobile telephone or other radiotelephone, the entire unit is a transceiver, for both audio
and radio.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html
Transceiver - Telephony
1 A cordless telephone uses an audio and radio transceiver for the
handset, and a radio transceiver for the base station. If a speakerphone is included in a wired telephone base
or in a cordless base station, the base also becomes an audio transceiver in addition to the
handset.
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Transceiver - Telephony
1 A modem is similar to a transceiver, in that it sends and receives a signal, but a modem uses modulation and demodulation. It modulates a signal being transmitted and demodulates
a signal being received.
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Transceiver - Ethernet
1 Transceivers are called Transmission medium|Medium Attachment Units
(Medium Attachment Unit|MAUs) in IEEE 802.3 documents and were widely used
in 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 Ethernet networks. Fiber-optic gigabit Ethernet|gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet utilize
transceivers known as GBIC, SFP transceiver|SFP, SFP+, XFP, XAUI and C
Form-factor Pluggable|CFP.
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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1 A combination of a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver; it
converts an electrical signal to and from an optical signal.There is
usually types transceiver based on WDM technology.
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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1 ** Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers:Channel 17 to Channel 61 according to ITU-T.
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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1 A transponder can be made up of two transceivers placed after each
other: the first transceiver converting the 1550nm optical signal to/from an
electrical signal, and the second transceiver converting the electrical signal to/from an optical signal at the
required wavelength
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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1 See also Transponders#Optical_communicatio
ns|transponders (optical communications) for different
functional views on the meaning of optical transponders.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver
1 SFP transceivers are designed to support SONET, Gigabit Ethernet,
Fibre Channel, and other communications standards
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 SFP transceivers are available with a variety of transmitter and receiver types, allowing users to select the
appropriate transceiver for each link to provide the required optical reach over the available optical fiber type
(e.g. multi-mode fiber or single-mode fiber). Optical SFP modules are commonly available in several
different categories:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html
Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 * for multi-mode fiber, with black or beige extraction
lever
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 ** 'SX' - 850nm, for a maximum of 550m at 1.25Gbit/s (Gigabit
Ethernet) or 150m at 4.25Gbit/s (Fibre Channel)
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 * for single-mode fiber, with blue extraction lever
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 ** 'LX' - 1310nm, for distances up to
10km
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 ** 'EX' - 1310 nm, for distances up to 40 km
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 ** 'ZX' - 1550 nm, for distances up to
80 km
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 ** 'EZX' - 1550 nm, for distances up to
120 km
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 ** 'BX' - 1490nm/1310nm, Single Fiber Bi-Directional Gigabit SFP
Transceivers, paired as 'BS-U' and 'BS-D' for Uplink and Downlink
respectively, also for distances up to 10km. Variations of bidirectional
SFPs are also manufactured which use 1550nm in one direction.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 ** 'SFSW' – Single Fiber Single Wavelength transceivers, for bi-
directional traffic on a single fiber. Coupled with CWDM, these double
the traffic density of fiber links.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 ** CWDM and DWDM transceivers at various wavelengths achieving various maximum
distances
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
1 ** '1000BASE-T' - these modules incorporate significant interface
circuitry and can only be used for Gigabit Ethernet, as that is the
interface they implement. They are not compatible with (or rather: do
not have equivalents for) Fibre channel or SONET.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+
1 The 'enhanced small form-factor pluggable' ('SFP+') is an enhanced
version of the SFP that supports data rates up to 10Data rate units|Gbit/s.
The SFP+ specification was first published on May 9, 2006, and
version 4.1 published on July 6, 2009.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+
1 SFP+ supports 8Gbit/s Fibre Channel, 10 Gigabit Ethernet and Optical
Transport Network standard OTU2. It is a popular industry format supported by many network
component vendors.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+
1 In comparison to earlier XENPAK or XFP modules, SFP+ modules leave
more circuitry to be implemented on the host board instead of inside the
module.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+
1 Consideration has to be given to whether the module is linear or
limiting. Linear SFP+ modules are most appropriate for
10_Gigabit_Ethernet#10GBASE-LRM|10GBASE-LRM; otherwise, limiting
modules are preferred.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Compatiblity
1 It is possible to design an SFP+ slot that can accept a standard SFP
module.SFF-8432, Abstract, Page 1: The mechanical dimensioning allows backwards compatibility between IPF
modules plugged into most SFP cages which have been implemented
to SFF-8074i
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Applications
1 SFP sockets are found in Ethernet switches and network interface cards. Storage
interface cards, also called HBAs or Fibre Channel storage switches, also make use
of these modules, supporting different speeds such as 2Gb, 4Gb, and 8Gb.
Because of their low cost, low profile, and ability to provide a connection to different types of optical fiber, SFP provides such
equipment with enhanced flexibility.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Standardization
1 The related Small Form Factor transceiver is similar in size to the
SFP, but is soldered to the host board as a Through-hole technology|
through-hole device, rather than plugged into an edge-card socket.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Standardization
1 However, as a practical matter, some networking equipment
manufacturers engage in vendor lock-in practices whereby they
deliberately break compatibility with generic SFPs by adding a check in
the device's firmware that will enable only the vendor's own modules.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Signals
1 The SFP transceiver contains a Printed circuit board|PCB that mates with the SFP electrical connector in
the host system.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - EEPROM information
1 The SFP MSA defines a 256-byte memory map into an EEPROM describing the transceiver's
capabilities, standard interfaces, manufacturer, and other information,
which is accessible over an I²C interface at the 8-bit address
1010000X (A0h).
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Digital diagnostics monitoring
1 Modern optical SFP transceivers support digital diagnostics monitoring (DDM)
functions according to the industry-standard [ftp://ftp.seagate.com/sff/SFF-8472.PDF SFF-8472]. This feature is also known as digital optical monitoring (DOM). Modules with this
capability give the end user the ability to monitor parameters of the SFP, such as
optical output power, optical input power, temperature, laser bias current, and
transceiver supply voltage, in real time.
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PHY - Ethernet physical transceiver
1 The transceiver implements the Ethernet physical layer portion of the
1000BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 10BASE-T standards.
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PHY - Ethernet physical transceiver
1 An Ethernet PHYceiver is a chip that implements the hardware send and receive function of Ethernet Data
frame|frames; it interfaces to the line modulation at one end and binary
Media Independent Interface|packet signaling at the other
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PHY - Ethernet physical transceiver
1 An example are the Marvell Technology Group|Marvell Alaska
88E1310/88E1310S/88E1318/88E1318S Gigabit Ethernet transceivers
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XFP transceiver
1 The 'XFP' (10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable) is a standard for
transceivers for high-speed computer network and telecommunication links that use optical fiber. It was defined by an industry group in 2002, along with its interface to other electrical components which is called 'XFI'.
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XFP transceiver - Description
1 XFP modules are hot-swappable and Communications protocol|protocol-independent. They typically operate at near-infrared wavelengths (colors)
of 850nm, 1310nm or 1550nm.
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XFP transceiver - Description
1 Principal applications include 10 Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gbit/s Fibre
Channel, synchronous optical networking (SONET) at OC-192 rates, synchronous optical networking STM-
64, 10 Gbit/s Optical Transport Network (OTN) OTU-2, and parallel
optics links.
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XFP transceiver - Description
1 They can operate over a single wavelength or use dense
wavelength-division multiplexing techniques.
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XFP transceiver - Description
1 They include digital diagnostics that provide management that were
added to the SFF-8472 standard.
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XFP transceiver - Description
1 XFP modules use an LC fiber connector type to achieve high
density.
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XFP transceiver - Description
1 The XFP specification was developed by the XFP Multi Source Agreement
Group. It is an informal agreement of an industry group, not officially
endorsed by any standards body. The first preliminary specification was published on March 27, 2002. The first public release was on July 19, 2002. It was adopted on March 3,
2003, and updated with minor updates through August 31, 2005.
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XFP transceiver - Description
1 The chair of the XFP group was Robert Snively of Brocade
Communications Systems, and technical editor was Ali Ghiasi of
Broadcom.
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XFP transceiver - Description
1 The organization's web site was maintained until 2009.
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XFP transceiver - XFI
1 The XFI electrical interface specification was a 10 gigabit per
second chip-to-chip electrical interface specification defined as
part of the XFP multi-source agreement. It was also developed by
the XFP MSA group.
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XFP transceiver - XFI
1 XFI provides a single lane running at 10.3125 Gbit/s when using a 64B/66B encoding
scheme.
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XFP transceiver - XFI
1 A SerDes|serializer/deserializer is often used to convert from a wider
interface such as XAUI that has four lanes running at 3.125 Gbit/s using
8B/10B encoding.
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XFP transceiver - XFI
1 XFI is sometimes pronounced as X F I and other times as
ziffie.
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XFP transceiver - Mechanical dimensions
1 The physical dimensions of the XFP transceiver are slightly larger than
the original small form-factor pluggable transceiver (SFP). One of the reasons for the increase in size is to allow for on-board heat sinks for
greater cooling.
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XFP transceiver - Types
1 XFP are available with a variety of transmitter and receiver types,
allowing users to select the appropriate transceiver for each link to provide the required optical reach over the available optical fiber type
(e.g. multi-mode fiber or single-mode fiber). XFP modules are commonly
available in several different categories:
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XFP transceiver - Types
1 * LR - 1310 nm, for distances up to 10
km
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XFP transceiver - Types
1 * ER - 1550 nm, for distances up to 40 km
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XFP transceiver - Types
1 * ZR - 1550 nm, for distances up to 80 km
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XFP transceiver - Types
1 The XFP packaging was smaller than the XENPAK form-factor which had been published earlier (by almost a
year).
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1 Collins was also the first to introduce a compact High frequency|HF
transceiver, the KWM-1, the year before
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1 The 75S-1 receiver and 32S-1 transmitter, comprising the heart of the S/Line, operated
separately or together to transceive. The units included crystal Band-pass filter|bandpass filters and a new compact PTO design that provided stable, highly linear tuning across
200kHz Frequency range|band segments. The S/Line tuning dial mechanism was unique
when introduced. It used concentric dials and a gear mechanism that provided precise dial
resolution, better than 1kHz.
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1 Within a few years Collins had introduced additional S/Line
components, including the 30S-1 kilowatt power amplifier, the 30L-1 desktop power amplifier, and the 62S-1 transverter, which provided
coverage of the 6 meter (50MHz) and 2 meter (144MHz) amateur bands. The KWM-2 transceiver replaced the KWM-1 using many of the S/Line’s design features and matching its
styling. Other accessories included speakers, microphones and control
consoles.
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1 Illustrating the uniqueness of their new, smaller units in the market,
Collins advertisements in the 1950s and early 1960s emphasized the
S/Line’s physical styling and size as often as they did its
performance.WA3KEY Virtual Collins Radio Museum,
[http://www.wa3key.com/crads.html “Advertisement Archive”]
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1 Collins continued to improve the S/Line, first introducing the S-2, then the S-3 units, the 75S-3 (and -3A, -3B and -3C) receiver, and the 32S-3 and
-3A transmitters. The -3A and -3C units were identical to the -3 and -3B
units, respectively, except they provided an extra set of heterodyne oscillator crystals enabling them to
cover extra bands – useful for military, amateur and Military Affiliate Radio System|MARS
operation, where operation just outside the regular amateur bands
was necessary.
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1 Among amateur radio operators, the S/Line established its reputation as
perhaps the most solidly engineered equipment available – and the most
costly. As a result, S/Line equipment, and the A-Line and other
predecessors, are restored, prized, and operated on the air by collectors
today.
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1 Collins continued to produce the S/Line well into the late 1970s and after its acquisition by Rockwell.
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1 In 1978, with the move to Solid state (electronics)|solid state design, the S/Line came to an end after a two decade production run. The KWM-380 transceiver was introduced the
next year – a break with the past both in its use of transistors and digital technology, and its styling. It would be Collins’ final entry in the
amateur radio market until it was discontinued in the mid-1980s.WA3KEY Virtual Collins Radio Museum, [http://www.wa3key.com/collins.html
“Collins Amateur Equipment”]
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units
1 These can be used for data-logging applications in remote areas, now a common practical use for Iridium's
services
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units
1 *'Iridium Core 9523'mdash; Similar to the 9522B, a modular transceiver
released in 2012, designed to be an embedded solution.
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units
1 *'Iridium 9522A'mdash; Based on the 9522, some variants have built in GPS and autonomous reporting
functions. Supports SBD.
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units
1 *'Motorola 9522'mdash; Last Motorola transceiver, supports outgoing SMS but no
SBD.
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units
1 *'Motorola 9520'mdash; Original transceiver module, does not support outgoing SMS or SBD. Designed for use in vehicles with accompanying
handset[http://www.outfittersatellite.com/iridium_9520.htm Iridium 9520].
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units
1 Without an extra global navigation satellite system, receiver tracking is difficult, but not impossible, as the
position of a mobile unit can be determined using a Doppler shift
calculation from the satellite. These readings however can be inaccurate with errors in the tens of kilometers. Even without using Doppler shifts, a rough indication of a unit's position
can be found by checking the location of the spot-beam being used
and the mobile unit's timing advance.
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units
1 The position readings can be extracted from some transceiver
units and the 9505A handset using the -MSGEO AT
command.[http://www.beamcommunications.com/index.php?
option=com_docmantask=doc_downloadgid=5 ISU Command Set] - p57
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units
1 In the past, Iridium has used this method of tracking to block service
to U.S. embargoed countries, such as North Korea and other politically
unpopular regions, such as Northern Sri Lanka. It is also used to stop
geographically bounded plans from being used outside the designated
area.
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units
1 The Iridium Extreme phone introduced in 2011 has a GPS location service embedded
in the device, which the user can use to locate themselves or include in SMS
messages. It can also be used to provide advanced services like Geo-fence|Geo-
fencing. A red emergency button on the top of the unit can be pressed to send the unit's position to emergency rescue agencies or
other number pre-programmed by the user or distributor.
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PHY (chip) - Ethernet physical transceiver
1 More specifically, the Ethernet PHY is a chip that implements the hardware send and receive function of Ethernet
Data frame|frames; it interfaces between the analog domain of
Ethernet physical layer | Ethernet's line modulation and the digital
domain of link-layer Media Independent Interface|packet
signaling.http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/75596/what-is-
the-difference-between-phy-and-mac-chip The PHY usually does not handle MAC addressing, as that is the data link layer|link layer's job
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PHY (chip) - Ethernet physical transceiver
1 Examples include the Vitesse Semiconductor SimpliPHY and
SynchroPHY VSC82xx/85xx/86xx family and Marvell Technology Group|
Marvell Alaska 88E1310/88E1310S/88E1318/88E131
8S Gigabit Ethernet transceivers.
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PHY (chip) - Ethernet physical transceiver
1 An Ethernet physical transceiver can also be referred to as a physical layer
transmitter and/or receiver, a physical layer transceiver, a PHY
transceiver, a PHYceiver, or simply a PHY. The term 'PHYceiver' is often shown as being TM (Trade Marked) but is not currently registered with
TESS [http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/in
dex.jsp 'United States Patent and Trademark Office'].
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1 Typically a BTS for anything other than a picocell will have several
transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequency|
frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised
base stations)
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1 A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via the base station control function (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The
BCF provides an operations and maintenance (OM) connection to the network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of
each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection.
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1 There are vendors in which the BTS is a plain transceiver which receives information from the MS (mobile
station) through the Um air interface and then converts it to a TDM (PCM) based interface, the Abis interface,
and sends it towards the BSC
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1 The BTSs are equipped with radios that are able to modulate layer 1 of
interface Um; for GSM 2G+ the modulation type is Gaussian
minimum-shift keying (GMSK), while for Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution|EDGE-enabled networks it is GMSK and 8-PSK
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1 Antenna combiners are implemented to use the same antenna for several TRXs (carriers), the more TRXs are combined the greater the combiner loss will be. Up to 8:1 combiners are found in micro and pico cells only.
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1 Frequency hopping is often used to increase overall BTS performance; this involves the rapid switching of
voice traffic between TRXs in a sector. A hopping sequence is
followed by the TRXs and handsets using the sector. Several hopping sequences are available, and the
sequence in use for a particular cell is continually broadcast by that cell so that it is known to the handsets.
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1 A TRX transmits and receives according to the GSM standards, which specify eight Time division multiple access|TDMA timeslots per radio frequency. A TRX may lose some of this capacity as some information is required to
be broadcasting|broadcast to handsets in the area that the BTS serves. This information allows the handsets to identify the network and gain access to it. This signalling makes use of a channel known as the Broadcast
Control Channel (BCCH).
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Gunning transceiver logic
1 'Gunning transceiver logic' or 'GTL' is a type of logic signaling used to drive
electronics|electronic backplane computer bus|buses
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Gunning transceiver logic
1 All Intel front-side buses use GTL. As of 2008, GTL in these FSBs has a maximum frequency of 1.6 GHz. The front-side bus of the Intel Pentium Pro, Pentium II and Pentium III microprocessors
uses GTL+ (or GTLP) developed by Fairchild Semiconductor, an upgraded version of GTL
which has defined slew rates and higher voltage levels. AGTL+ stands for either assisted
Gunning transceiver logic or advanced Gunning transceiver logic. These are GTL signaling derivatives used by Intel microprocessors.
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CWDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1 ** Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers: Channel 17 to Channel 61 according to ITU-T.
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RF module - Transceiver modules
1 An RF Transceiver module incorporates both a transmitter and
receiver. The circuit is typically designed for Half-duplex operation, although Full duplex modules are
available, typically at a higher cost due to the added complexity.
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Ultrasonic transceiver
1 'Ultrasonic sensors' (also known as 'transceivers' when they both send
and receive, but more generally called 'transducers') work on a
principle similar to radar or sonar, which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio
or sound waves respectively
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Capabilities and limitations
1 This technology can be used for measuring wind speed and direction (anemometer), tank or channel level,
and speed through air or water
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Capabilities and limitations
1 Systems typically use a transducer which generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range, above 18 kHz, by
turning electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo turn
the sound waves into electrical energy which can be measured and
displayed.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Capabilities and limitations
1 The technology is limited by the shapes of surfaces and the density or consistency of the material. Foam, in particular, can distort surface level
readings.[http://www.openchannelflow.com/blog/article/the-heady-
problem-of-foam-in-flumes-and-weirs Ultrasonic Flow Meters and Foam],
Openchannelflow.com
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers
1 An ultrasonic transducer is a device that converts energy into ultrasound,
or sound waves above the normal range of human hearing
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers
1 The location at which a transducer focuses the sound can be determined
by the active transducer area and shape, the ultrasound frequency, and the sound velocity of the propagation
medium. The diagrams show the sound fields of an unfocused and a focusing ultrasonic transducer in
water.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers
1 Since piezoelectric crystals generate a voltage when force is applied to
them, the same crystal can be used as an ultrasonic detector. Some
systems use separate transmitter and receiver components while others combine both in a single
piezoelectric transceiver.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers
1 Non-piezoelectric principles are also used in construction of ultrasound transmitters.
magnetostriction|Magnetostrictive materials slightly change size when exposed to a
magnetic field; such materials can be used to make transducers. A
Microphone#Condenser_microphone|capacitor microphone uses a thin plate which moves in response to ultrasound waves; changes in the electric field around the plate convert sound
signals to electric currents, which can be amplified.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in medicine
1 Medical ultrasonic transducers (probes) come in a variety of
different shapes and sizes for use in making pictures of different parts of
the body. The transducer may be passed over the surface of the body or inserted into a body opening such as the rectum or vagina. Clinicians
who perform ultrasound-guided procedures often use a probe positioning system to hold the
ultrasonic transducer.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in medicine
1 Air detection sensors are used in
various roles
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry
1 Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect movement of targets and to measure
the distance to targets in many automatic factory | automated
factories and process plants. Sensors with an on or off digital output are
available for detecting the movement of objects, and sensors with an analog output which varies
proportionally to the sensor to target separation distance are commercially available. They can be used to sense
the edge of material as part of a Web-guiding_systems|web guiding
system
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry
1 Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in automotive applications for parking assist technology. Ultrasonic sensors are being tested in a number of uses including ultrasonic people detection
and assisting in autonomous UAV navigation.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry
1 Because ultrasonic sensors use sound rather than light for detection,
they work in applications where photoelectric sensors may not
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry
1 Passive ultrasonic sensors may be used to detect high-pressure gas or
liquid leaks, or other hazardous conditions that generate ultrasonic
sound.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry
1 High-power ultrasonic emitters are used in commercially available ultrasonic cleaning devices. An
ultrasonic transducer is affixed to a stainless steel pan which is filled with
a solvent (frequently water or isopropanol), and a square wave is applied to it, imparting vibrational
energy in the liquid.
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Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers
1 Kenwood has offered lines of High frequency|HF, VHF/UHF, and Handie-
Talkie|portable amateur radio models, including some with built-in
digital data modes (Automatic Packet Reporting System, built on AX.25
packet radio) and modems needed to send and receive these protocols.
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Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers
1 Among the product lines are the TS series of HF transceivers which cover the HF (high frequency) bands, from
1.8 to 30MHz.
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Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers
1 Other series include the 100, 500, and the 2000 series. Kenwood also
offers a B model, which is a transceiver without display or
controls and is completely controlled by a remote computer or a separate
control unit.
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Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers
1 * Radios with built-in digital data modes and
modems (for APRS)
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules
1 | rowspan=4 | integrated Whip, chip or U.FL|U.FL connector, SMA connector|RPSMA
connector
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules
1 | rowspan=2 | [http://www.digi.com/news/pressrelease.jsp?
prid=279scompany=1sproduct=18 Dec, 2006]
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules
1 | Series 1 XBee-PRO [http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/9
0000982_A.pdf manual]
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules
1 | Series 2 XBee ZB [http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/9
0000976_C.pdf manual]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html
Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules
1 | rowspan=2 | [http://www.ember.com/products_zigbee_soft
ware.html Ember ZNet]
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules
1 | Series 2 XBee-PRO ZB [http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/9
0000976_C.pdf manual]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html
Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules
1 | deRFmega128-22M00 2.4 GHz [http://www.dresden-elektronik.de/funktechnik/service/downloads/docume
ntation/?eID=dam_frontend_pushdocID=1250
datasheet]
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Avalanche transceiver
1 Following an avalanche, and if the holder of the transceiver is safe and has not themselves been caught by the avalanche, they may switch the
transceiver from transmit into receive mode, allowing use as a radio direction finding device to search for
signals coming from other skiers' transmitter beacons who may be
trappedhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html
Avalanche transceiver
1 Early avalanche beacons transmitted at 2.275kHz (2275 Hertz|Hz). In 1986, the international frequency standard of 457kHz was adopted,
and this remains the standard today. Many companies manufacture beacons that comply with this
standard.
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Avalanche transceiver
1 An avalanche beacon is not considered a preventive measure against possible avalanche burial, but rather it is a way to reduce the
amount of time buried.
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1 In 1968, Dr. John Lawton invented the first effective avalanche
transceiver at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in Buffalo, New York, with
the first units being sold in 1971 under the “Skadi” brand name. This
unit, functioning at 2.275kHz, converted the radio frequency to a simple tone audible to the human
ear. By following the tone to where it was loudest, the beacon operator could use it to locate the buried
beacon by using a grid searching technique.
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1 In 1986, Internationale Kommisia fur Alpines Rettingwesen|IKAR adopted the frequency of 457kHz. In 1996
ASTM adopted the 457kHz standard.
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1 The following are the currently accepted international standards for Avalanche Transceivers operating on
the 457kHz frequency.
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1 * 200 hours transmitting at +10C (assumed inside protective
clothing)https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html
Avalanche transceiver - History
1 * 1 hours receiving at −10C (assumed
handheld)
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1 * carrier keying (pulse period) 1000±300 ms
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1 Now that the frequency 457kHz had become an international standard,
and the problems of range had been discussed and analyzed, everyone was most interested in ease of use
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Avalanche transceiver - Types of beacons
1 There are two types of avalanche beacons: digital and analog. They both adhere to the international
standard as described above, and only differ in the method(s) used to
indicate to the user where the buried beacon is located. Most beacons currently being sold are digital,
because of their enhanced ease of use and higher recovery rates.
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Avalanche transceiver - Analog
1 The original avalanche beacon was an analog beacon which transmitted the pulsed signal as an audible tone
to the user. The tone gets louder when the user is closer to the
transmitting beacon. These beacons have also been augmented with Light
Emitting Diode|LEDs that provide a visual indication of signal strength,
and earpieces to increase the ability of the listener to hear the tone.
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Avalanche transceiver - Digital
1 Digital transceivers take the strength of the signal and the emitted dipole flux pattern and compute distance
and direction to the buried transceiver.ISSW 2000 In order to calculate the emitted dipole flux
pattern, a digital transceiver must have at least two antennas, although most modern transceivers have three
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Avalanche transceiver - W-Link
1 Several high-end digital beacons are also equipped with a secondary
supplementary frequency referred to as W-Link. This frequency broadcasts
additional details to other transceivers capable of receiving the
W-Link signal. Advertised brand-independent features of W-Link
include:
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Avalanche transceiver - W-Link
1 * The ability to resolve multiple, complex burial situations by better
differentiating individual transceivers
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Avalanche transceiver - W-Link
1 * More reliable estimation of the number of burials
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Avalanche transceiver - W-Link
1 * More reliable and quicker marking/unmarking of victims (i.e. forcing the transceiver to ignore an
already found victim)
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Avalanche transceiver - W-Link
1 * Ability to transmit and receive additional data including wearer's vital signs or
identification
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Avalanche transceiver - Vitals Detection
1 The idea behind this is that if everyone in a group is wearing a
vitals-capable W-Link transceiver and some group members are buried in an avalanche, the remaining group members will be able to determine which of the buried victims are still alive, and focus rescue efforts on
those members.
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Avalanche transceiver - Vitals Detection
1 This helps mitigate the potential risk of mis-categorizing an alive victim as
dead because their beacon is not transmitting vitals data, and thus the
rescuer does not see the alive indicator on their transceiver.
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Avalanche transceiver - Controversies of W-Link
1 For this reason transceiver manufacturer Arva Equipment has elected to omit received vitals data from being displayed on their Link transceiver, although the beacon
does transmit them
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Avalanche transceiver - Controversies of W-Link
1 He quickly activates his transceiver and it gets a lock
on all three victims
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Avalanche transceiver - Controversies of W-Link
1 In this scenario, it is clear to distinguish between all three victims even though the transceiver does not
display their names; his wife is 33 meters behind him, while the other two people he just met are much closer, and close together, as well
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Avalanche transceiver - Frequencies and Technical Information
1 The W-Link frequency in use varies based on
geographical location
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Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques
1 Due to the highly directional nature of the 457kHz signal at the ranges common for avalanche burial (and
the range specified in the standards), there have been many techniques
developed to search for buried beacons
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Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques
1 The burial of a single beacon may involve search using one of several methods:
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Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques
1 * Induction search
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Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques
1 These search methods are adapted and extrapolated to scenarios where there is more
than one burial.
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SFP transceiver - Types
1 ** 'ZX' - 1550 nm, for distances up to 80 km, with green extraction lever
(see GLC-ZX-SM1) https://www.google.com/search?
q=GLC-ZX-SM1rls=com.microsoft:en-za:IE-SearchBoxoe=um=1ie=UTF-
8hl=entbm=ischsource=ogsa=Ntab=wiei=-iADU9axCYfY7AaqkYCwDA
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SFP transceiver - SFP+
1 SFP+ supports 8Gbit/s Fibre Channel, 10-gigabit Ethernet and Optical
Transport Network standard OTU2. It is a popular industry format supported by many network
component vendors.
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SFP transceiver - SFP+
1 SFP+ also introduces 10-gigabit_Ethernet#SFP.2B_Direct_Attach|Direct Attach for connecting two
SFP+ ports without dedicated transceivers.
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SFP transceiver - Applications
1 SFP sockets are found in Ethernet switches, routers, firewalls and network interface
cards. Storage interface cards, also called HBAs or Fibre Channel storage switches,
also make use of these modules, supporting different speeds such as 2Gb, 4Gb, and
8Gb. Because of their low cost, low profile, and ability to provide a connection to
different types of optical fiber, SFP provides such equipment with enhanced flexibility.
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Transceivers - RF Transceiver
1 The RF Transceiver uses RF module|RF modules for high speed data transmission.
The micro electronic circuits in the digital-RF architecture work at speeds up to 100GHz.
The objective in the design was to bring digital domain closer to the antenna, both at the receive and transmit ends using software
defined radio (SDR). The software-programmable digital processors used in the
circuits permit conversion between digital baseband signals and analog RF.
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Base transceiver station
1 A 'base transceiver station' ('BTS') is a piece of equipment that facilitates wireless communication
between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs are devices like mobile
phones (handsets), Wireless local loop|WLL phones, computers with
wireless Internet connectivity.
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Base transceiver station
1 The network can be that of any of the wireless communication
technologies like GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop, Wi-Fi, WiMAX or
other wide area network (WAN) technology.
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Base transceiver station
1 BTS is also referred to as the radio base station (RBS), node B (in 3G
Networks) or, simply, the base station (BS). For discussion of the
3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE standard the abbreviation EnodeB|eNB for evolved node B is widely
used.
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Base transceiver station
1 Typically a BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in
the case of sectorised base stations)
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1 ; Transceiver (TRX): Quite widely referred to as the driver receiver (DRX), DRX are either in form of single (sTRU), double(dTRU) or a
composite double radio unit (DRU). It basically does transmission and reception of signals. It also does
sending and reception of signals to and from higher network entities (like the base station controller in mobile
telephony).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html
Base transceiver station - General architecture
1 ; Power amplifier (PA): Amplifies the signal from DRX for transmission
through antenna; may be integrated with DRX.
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1 ; Combiner: Combines feeds from several DRXs so that they could be sent out through a single antenna.
Allows for a reduction in the number of antenna used.
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1 ; Duplexer: For separating sending and receiving signals to/from
antenna. Does sending and receiving signals through the same antenna
ports (cables to antenna).
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1 ; Antenna: This is the structure that the BTS lies underneath; it can be
installed as it is or disguised in some way (Concealed cell sites).
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1 ; Alarm extension system: Collects working status alarms of various
units in the BTS and extends them to operations and maintenance (OM)
monitoring stations.
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1 ; Control function: Controls and manages the various units of BTS,
including any software. On-the-spot configurations, status changes,
software upgrades, etc. are done through the control function.
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1 ; Baseband receiver unit (BBxx): Frequency hopping,
signal DSP, .
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Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS
1 ; Diversity techniques: To improve the quality of the received signal, often two receiving antennas are
used, placed at an equal distance to an uneven multiple of a quarter of
wavelength (for 900MHz the wavelength it is 30cm). This
technique, known as antenna diversity or space diversity, avoids interruption caused by path fading.
The antennas can be spaced horizontally or vertically. Horizontal
spacing requires more complex installation, but brings better
performance.
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Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS
1 : Other than antenna or space diversity, there are other diversity
scheme|diversity techniques such as frequency/time diversity, antenna pattern diversity, and polarization
diversity.
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Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS
1 : Splitting refers to the flow of power within a particular area of the cell, known as a sector. Every field can
therefore be considered like one new cell.
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Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS
1 Directional antennas reduce LORA interference
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Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast - Universal access transceiver
1 A universal access transceiver is a data link intended to serve the majority of the general aviation
community
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Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast - Universal access transceiver
1 The UAT system is specifically designed for ADS-B operation
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For More Information, Visit:
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