transp. e telecom. 13-14
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8/13/2019 Transp. e Telecom. 13-14
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Cs Rr`jspcrtisNjnon`afijti, i bur`jti funtcs souacs, c Lcfifbisaco`v`-si ` p cu ` o`v`ac.
Ist` sntu`c s si `atircu jc so. \UNNN, ocf `Tivcauc Njbustrn`a, qui pirfntnu qui ` fqunj` `v`pcr ecssi `b`pt`b` acocfctnv` i `c d`roc.
@ fcbirjnz`c i c bisijvcavnfijtc bcs tr`jspcrtispirfntnu ijourt`r ` bnstjon`-tifpci ` bnstjon`-oustccqui ocjbuznu `c `ufijtc b` `oissndnanb`bi ijtri csaum`ris.
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Bnstjon`-tifpc - tifpc qui si bifcr` ` pirocrrir uf`bitirfnj`b` bnstjon`.
@ fcbirjnz`c bcs tr`jspcrtis pirfntnu bnfnjunr ` bnstjon`-tifpc.
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@ bnstjon`-tifpc ifeujc bc ocfdcnc bi `at`viaconb`bi j` Iurcp`.
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Bnstjon`-oustc oustc qui si tif if pirocrrir uf` bitirfnj`b`bnstjon`.
C oustc v`rn` ocf ` bnstjon` ` pirocrrir i ocf c
tr`jspcrti utnanz`bc.
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Cs tr`jspcrtis sc eujb`fijt`ns pcrqui;
e`onant`f ` fcdnanb`bi b` pcpua`c (bnfnjunjbc ` bnstjon`-tifpc i
` bnstjon`-oustc)7
njoijtnv`f `s trco`s ocfiron`ns7
crm`jnz`f c isp`c7
quidr`f c nsca`fijtc b`s rimnis f ns pirnerno`s7
e`onant`f ` trco` bi sirvncs7
bneujbif ` onroua`c b` njecrf`c7
ocjtrnduif p`r` uf` p`r` uf` ouatur` o`b` viz f`ns macd`a.
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RNXC_ / FCBC_ BI RT@J_XCTRI
RNXC_ /
FCBC_ BIRT@J_XCTRI_
RITTI_RTI
RYDYA@T CY IF OCJBYR@
@PYRNOC
@TIC
F@TRNFC
EAYUN@A
TCBCUNTNC
EITTCUNTNC
CAICBYRC_ iM@_CBYRC_
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c viouac utnanz`bc j`s bisaco`is
@YRCFUIA, @YRCO@TTC, O@FNC, FCR@,DNONOAIR@7
OCFDCNC, IARTNOC, FIRTCXCANR@JC7J@UNC/D@TOC, O@JC@, UIAINTC7
@UNC, L@ANOXRITC, @UNCJIR@,
M@_CBYRC_, CAICBYRC_.
()
FINC_ BI RT@J_XCTRI
FINC_ BIRT@J_XCTRI_
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Rr`jspcrti rcbcvnrncU@JR@MIJ_;
BI_U@JR@MIJ_;
Mr`jbi fcdnanb`bi i eaixndnanb`bi bi ntnjirrncs (pcrt` `
pcrt`)7Eona o`p`onb`bi bi onroua`c7
Nbi`a p`r` tr`jspcrti bi p`ss`minrcs i firo`bcrn`s ` ourt`s ifbn`s bnstjon`s7Jc prions` bi tr`jsdcrbc.
Nfp`otc `fdnijt`a (pcaunc scjcr`, `tfcserno`, pirb` bi
dncbnvirsnb`bi i bi tirrijcs `mroca`s)7
Rrjsntc o`tnoc j`s lcr`s bi pcjt` j`s mr`jbis onb`bis7Mr`jbi snjnstr`anb`bi7
C tr`jspcrti rcbcvnrnc o`b` viz f`ns utnanz`bc bivnbc `c `ufijtcb` viaconb`bi, bc ocjecrtc i bi uf` f`ncr o`p`onb`bi bi o`rm`.
.
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Rr`jspcrti eirrcvnrncU@JR@MIJ_;
BI_U@JR@MIJ_;
Ntnjirrncs enxcs7
Nfpano` c tr`jsdcrbc bi p`ss`minrcs i firo`bcrn`s7
Iaiv`bcs njvistnfijtcs j` f`jutijc i eujoncj`fijtc.
.
Iaiv`b` o`p`onb`bi bi o`rm` (firo`bcrn`s i p`ss`minrcs), bnfnjunjbccs oustcs bi tr`jspcrti7
@prisijt` f`ncr simur`j`, ocjecrtc i iocjfnoc p`r` c tr`jspcrtibi firo`bcrn`s pis`b`s i vcaufcs`s7Nbi`a p`r` tr`jspcrti bi p`ss`minrcs i firo`bcrn`s ` fbn`s i acjm`sbnstjon`s7
Fijcs pcauijti i ocjscfi fijcs ijirmn`.
@ mr`jbi o`p`onb`bi bi o`rm` bcs ocfdcncs e`z ocf qui isti sik` funtc utnanz`bcp`r` anm`is njtirj`oncj`ns i njtir-rimncj`ns, jc tr`jspcrti bi firo`bcrn`s i bip`ss`minrcs.J`s mr`jbis onb`bis ixnstif tr`jspcrtis pdanocs eirrcvnrncs bi bcns tnpcs; cs
iaotrnocs i cs fitrcpcant`jcs.
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Rr`jspcrti `qutnocF`rtnfc
Eauvn`aC tr`jspcrti eauvn`a tif mr`jbi o`p`onb`bi bi o`rm`, e`onant`bcr bc turnsfc f`s jiftcbcs cs rncs sc j`vimvins, c siu o`ub`a pcbi sir nrrimua`r i sir funtc pcauijti.
U@JR@MIJ_;
BI_U@JR@MIJ_;
Mr`jbi o`p`onb`bi bi o`rm` (pitrcainrcs, fit`jinrcs, pcrt`-ocjtijtcris)7Rr`jspcrt` pr`tno`fijti tcbc c tnpc bi firo`bcrn`s i `ssimur` ctr`jspcrti bi p`ss`minrcs7F`ns iocjfnoc p`r` c tr`jspcrti ` acjm` bnstjon` bi firo`bcrn`s
pis`b`s i vcaufcs`s.
Tibuznb` viaconb`bi i jioissnb`bi bi tr`jsdcrbc7Xcuoc ocfpitntnvc jc tr`jspcrti bi firo`bcrn`s ` piquij`s i fbn`sbnstjon`s7Xcbif sir ixtrif`fijti pcauijtis7
Jioissnt` bi iaiv`bcs njvistnfijtcs j`s njer`istrutur`s p`r` o`rm`s ibiso`rm`s, dif ocfc j` ocjstruc bi pcrtcs.
R t
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Rr`jspcrti `ricU@JR@MIJ_;
BI_U@JR@MIJ_;
Cs`vnis sc c finc bi tr`jspcrti qui f`ns ocjtrnduif p`r` ` bnfnjunc b`bnstjon`/tifpc ijtri cs bnvirscs aum`ris.
Tpnbc, simurc i ofcbc7
c qui f`ns ocjtrndun p`r` ` ribuc b` bnstjon`-tifpc7@biqu`bc p`r` c tr`jspcrti bi p`ss`minrcs ` acjm`s bnstjon`s i bifiro`bcrn`s aivis, e`onafijti piriovins cu bi mr`jbi v`acr7Xcssndnant` c `oissc ` aco`ns `t ` nj`oissvins.
Oustc iaiv`bc i d`nx` o`p`onb`bi bi o`rm`7Njsimur`j` bivnbc pnr`t`rn`/tirrcrnsfc i p`r` `s pcpua`is quivnvif pirtc bcs `ircpcrtcs7Mr`jbi ocjsufc bi ocfdustvia i iaiv`b` pcaunc `tfcserno` iscjcr`7Ecrti nfp`oti `fdnijt`a ocf ` ocjstruc b`s njer`istrutur`s.
R t t d a
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Rr`jspcrti tudua`rU@JR@MIJ_;
BI_U@JR@MIJ_;
Bnenouab`bi bi `rf`zij`fijtc7Njvistnfijtc njnon`a bist`s njer`istrutur`s funtc iaiv`bc7Jc si pcbi fub`r c piroursc cs p`sis `tr`viss`bcs pcr istissnstif`s pcbif bnenouat`r c eauxc bcs prcbutcs7Jioissnt` bi ocjst`jtis ounb`bcs bi simur`j` i f`jutijc.
Tibuc bcs oustcs bi tr`jspcrti7
Jc ist sukintc s ocjtnjmjon`s `tfcserno`s7 ` ecrf` f`ns simur` bi tr`jspcrt`r ijirmn` pcr tirr` fijcrpcaunc.
@ n l b b n
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@ o`fnjlc b` fcbirjnz`c
uatr`p`ss`r d`rrinr`s esno`s
(ocjstruc bi tjins i bipcjtis)7 fcbirjnz`c b`s
`utcistr`b`s7 `ufijtc b` viaconb`bi;
ocfdcncs bi `at` viaconb`bi(RMU), i `vnis o`b` viz f`nsrpnbcs7
`ufijtc b` o`p`onb`bi bio`rm`7
ispion`anz`c bcs viouacs7
ribuc bc ocjsufc biijirmn`7
`ufijtc b` simur`j`.
U n b b nb b b b b t t
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U`rn`c b` bijsnb`bi b`s ribis bi tr`jspcrti pcrfcbcs bi tr`jspcrti
Tibi rcbcvnrn`
@ ribi rcbcvnrn` f`ns bijs` jcs p`sis bisijvcavnbcs,
e`onant`jbc ` fcdnanb`bi bi pissc`s i firo`bcrn`s.
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@pis`r bi `prisijt`r f`ncr bijsnb`bi i qu`anb`bi jcs p`sisbisijvcavnbcs, `amujs p`sis, ispion`afijti cs bi mr`jbi bnfijsc i ocffunt` pcpua`c, `prisijt`f nfpcrt`jtis ribis eirrcvnrn`s
Tibi eirrcvnrn`
X n n n t tn
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@s f`ns nfpcrt`jtis rct`s bi tr`jspcrti sc `s qui si ist`diaioif jc @tajtnocJcrti (Iurcp`/@frno`), jc o`j`a bc _uiz (sn`/Fbnc Crnijti/sn`) iX`j`f (@frno`/sn`)
Xrnjonp`ns rct`s f`rtnf`s
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c finc bi tr`jspcrti bi ixoiajon` ijtri cs p`sis bisijvcavnbcs. @sprnjonp`ns anm`is/rct`s ist`diaioif-si ijtri ` Iurcp` i ` @frno` bc Jcrti iijtri ist` i ` sn` Crnijt`a.
Rr`jspcrti `ric
T b b b t
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Tibi bi m`scbutcs
@ ijsn ` i `s ri is i tr`jspcrti
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@ ijsn ` i `s ri is i tr`jspcrtijc Fujbc
@s ribis f`ns bijs`s ijocjtr`f-si; Jcs p`sis bisijvcavnbcs7
Jc antcr`a bi `amujs p`sis if bisijvcavnfijtc (Dr`sna i erno` bc _ua).
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Tibis bi tr`jspcrti i tiaiocfujno`is
Tibis i fincs bi ocfujno`c C bisijvcavnfijtc b`s tiaiocfujno`is pcssndnantcu ` ocfujno`c
(onroua`c bi njecrf`c) bnstjon` (scf/nf`mif)7
isti bisijvcavnfijtc ist `sscon`bc utnanz`c bi cjb`s iaiotrcf`mjtno`s, bi o`dcs i bi s`tantis.
Xrnjonp`ns sirvncs bi tiaiocfujno`is; ocfujno`c `ubncvnsu`a(tiaivnsc, vnbicocjeirjon`), Njtirjit, tiaifvia, tiaie`x
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Tibis bi tr`jspcrti i tiaiocfujno`is
Tibis i fincs bi ocfujno`c @s tiaiocfujno`is e`onant`f c njtirofdnc ouatur`a (bi orij`s,fcbcs bi vnb`, ixpirnjon`s) i `s ria`is iocjfno`snjtirj`oncj`ns.
@s njfir`s pcssndnanb`bis bi ocfujno`c istc j` crnmif bcprcoissc bi macd`anz`c i e`zif bc fujbc uf` `abin` macd`a, cjbio`b` viz f`ns pissc`s rioidif `s fisf`s jcton`s, viif cs fisfcsenafis, ` fisf` pudanonb`bi, ocjscfif cs fisfcs `anfijtcs ididnb`s, us`f `s fisf`s f`ro`s bi rcup`
jc ijt`jtc, `njb` ixnstif mr`jbis bisnmu`ab`bis jc `oissc `cs
fincs i sirvncs bi tiaiocfujno`c.
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Macssrnc
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Bnstjon`-tifpc - tifpc qui si bifcr` ` pirocrrir uf` bitirfnj`b` bnstjon`.
Bnstjon`-oustc oustcqui si tif if pirocrrir uf` bitirfnj`b` bnstjon`.
@oissndnanb`bi f`ncr cu fijcr e`onanb`bi ocf qui si `tnjmi uf aum`r. Bipijbi bc tnpc bitr`jspcrti, b`s ocjbnis b`s vn`s bi ocfujno`ci b`s ribis bi tr`jspcrtisi b` njtijsnb`bi bctreimc.
Un`s bi ocfujno`c aco`ns/isp`c pcr cjbi onroua`f cs tr`jspcrtis; istr`b`s, vn`s erri`s,o`j`ns, rncs, f`ris i `r.
Tibis bi tr`jspcrti ocjkujtc bi vn`s bi ocfujno`c (istr`b`s, anjl`s `ri`s, o`fnjlcs-bi-eirrc, caicbutcs, m`scbutcs) qui si njtiranm`f, ecrf`jbc uf snstif` ribi rcbcvnrn`7 ribi
eirrcvnrn`
M`scbutc ocjbut` tudua`r qui tr`jspcrt` ms j`tur`a pcr tirr`.Caicbutc - ocjbut` tudua`r qui tr`jspcrt` ms pitraic pcr tirr`.
Macssrnc
@abin` macd`a - ocjointc qui surmnu ocf c bisijvcavnfijtc b`s tiaiocfujno`is if qui cfujbc si tcrjcu ocfc qui uf` `abin` cjbi qu`aquir pissc` pcbi ocfujno`r ocf cutr`pissc` if qu`aquir p`rti bc fujbc bisbi qui pcssu` iqunp`fijtc. X`r` `af bnssc, pcbi-sitr`d`al`r, e`zir ocfpr`s, ocjsuat`r uf anvrc, vnsnt`r fcjufijtcs, ito., sif s`nr bi o`s`, cusik`, `s d`rrinr`s esno`s binx`r`f bi ixnstnr `c jvia b`s ocfujno`is.
Rr`jsdcrbc - jioissnb`bi bi utnanz`r f`ns bc qui uf finc bi tr`jspcrti juf` bisaco`c
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_`dir f`ns
lttp;//ycutu.di/qTjLimejuYm
lttp;//www.ycutudi.ocf/w`tol3v6BcjwN5^kLS@&ei`turi6sl`ri&anst6XA@
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