transport and dilution of contaminants in coastal river plumes
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Tra
nsp
ort
and D
ilution o
f Tra
nsp
ort
and D
ilution o
f Conta
min
ants
in C
oast
al R
iver
Conta
min
ants
in C
oast
al R
iver
Plu
mes:
Exam
ple
s Fro
m S
aco
Riv
er
Plu
mes:
Exam
ple
s Fro
m S
aco
Riv
er
and B
ay
and B
ay
Phil
Yund,
Direct
or
Phil
Yund,
Direct
or
Cente
r fo
r Land
Cente
r fo
r Land--S
ea I
nte
ract
ions:
Sea I
nte
ract
ions:
Hum
an,
Riv
er,
and O
cean H
ealth
Hum
an,
Riv
er,
and O
cean H
ealth
Univ
ers
ity o
f N
ew
Engla
nd
Univ
ers
ity o
f N
ew
Engla
nd
Cente
r fo
r Land
Cente
r fo
r Land--S
ea I
nte
ract
ions
Sea I
nte
ract
ions
(CLSI)
(CLSI)
Focu
s on t
he t
ransp
ort
of
subst
ance
s and
Focu
s on t
he t
ransp
ort
of
subst
ance
s and
org
anis
ms
of
hum
an c
once
rn:
org
anis
ms
of
hum
an c
once
rn:
••N
utr
ients
N
utr
ients
••Pharm
ace
utica
l and indust
rial ch
em
icals
Pharm
ace
utica
l and indust
rial ch
em
icals
••Feca
l bact
eria
Feca
l bact
eria
••Path
ogens
Path
ogens
Fro
m w
ate
rsheds
into
the s
ea,
and t
heir f
ate
Fro
m w
ate
rsheds
into
the s
ea,
and t
heir f
ate
and c
onse
quence
s in
the c
oast
al oce
an
and c
onse
quence
s in
the c
oast
al oce
an. .
Today’s
Topic
Today’s
Topic
Abundance
of
antibio
tic
resi
stant
bact
eria in
Abundance
of
antibio
tic
resi
stant
bact
eria in
the low
er
Saco
Riv
er,
and p
oss
ible
tra
nsp
ort
th
e low
er
Saco
Riv
er,
and p
oss
ible
tra
nsp
ort
to
and a
bundance
on S
aco
Bay b
each
es
(e.g
.,
to a
nd a
bundance
on S
aco
Bay b
each
es
(e.g
.,
Ferr
y B
each
, O
ld O
rchard
Beach
, Sca
rboro
ugh
Ferr
y B
each
, O
ld O
rchard
Beach
, Sca
rboro
ugh
Beach
)Beach
)
Dra
ins
1,7
00 s
q.
mile
sPeak d
isch
arg
e e
xceeds
20,0
00 f
t.3/s
16 C
om
bin
ed S
ew
er
Ove
rflo
ws
(CSO
s) in
Bid
defo
rd a
nd S
aco
16 C
om
bin
ed S
ew
er
Ove
rflo
ws
(CSO
s) in
Bid
defo
rd a
nd S
aco
UN
E
16 C
om
bin
ed S
ew
er
Ove
rflo
ws
(CSO
s) in
Bid
defo
rd a
nd S
aco
UN
E
Saco
Bay
Beach
es
Univ
ers
ity o
f N
ew
Engla
nd
Univ
ers
ity o
f N
ew
Engla
nd
UN
E’s
UN
E’s
Marine S
cience
Cente
rM
arine S
cience
Cente
rU
NE’s
UN
E’s
Marine S
cience
Cente
rM
arine S
cience
Cente
r
Marine A
nim
al R
ehabili
tation C
ente
r
UN
E’s
UN
E’s
Marine S
cience
Cente
rM
arine S
cience
Cente
rU
NE’s
UN
E’s
Marine S
cience
Cente
rM
arine S
cience
Cente
r
Acq
uis
itio
n o
f Antibio
tic
Resi
stance
Acq
uis
itio
n o
f Antibio
tic
Resi
stance
E. co
li E. co
li sa
mple
d
sam
ple
d f
rom
fece
s of
from
fece
s of
Harb
or
Seal (
Harb
or
Seal (P
hoca
Phoca
vitu
lina
vitu
lina)
pups
) pups
Befo
re a
nd a
fter
treatm
ent
at
UN
E’s
Marine S
cience
Cente
r
Test
ed for
resi
stance
to 8
antibio
tics
Pre
sente
d a
s direct
ion a
nd d
egre
e o
f ch
ange (
--,
-, o
, +
, +
+)
betw
een
sam
ple
s
Seal #
Ampicillin
Erythromycin
Gentamicin
Penicillin
Tetracycline
Enrofloxacin
Ceftiofur
Clindamycin
1O
N/A
++
O+
++
++
N/A
2+
++
++
O+
+O
+O
3+
++
+O
++
+O
O
4+
++
OO
++
OO
O
5+
+O
++
O+
++
++
O
Data
court
esy
of
G.
Beekm
an,
K.
Mata
ssa,
and K
. O
no
Acq
uis
itio
n o
f Antibio
tic
Resi
stance
Acq
uis
itio
n o
f Antibio
tic
Resi
stance
On a
vera
ge,
Harb
or
seal pups
acq
uired
On a
vera
ge,
Harb
or
seal pups
acq
uired E
. co
liE.
coli
with incr
ease
d r
esi
stance
w
ith incr
ease
d r
esi
stance
to
4.4
antibio
tics
while
in r
ehabili
tation
to 4
.4 a
ntibio
tics
while
in r
ehabili
tation
Range o
f 3 t
o 5
None o
f th
ese
antibio
tics
were
in u
se in t
he f
aci
lity
But
seals
were
const
antly e
xpose
d t
o S
aco
Riv
er
wate
r in
flo
w-t
hro
ugh
tanks
The u
ltim
ate
sourc
e o
f antibio
tic
resi
stance
is
not
know
nThe u
ltim
ate
sourc
e o
f antibio
tic
resi
stance
is
not
know
n
Poss
ibili
ties
incl
ude
up-s
tream
dru
g u
se in
hum
an,
livest
ock
, and p
et
popula
tions
But
is a
n a
rea o
f ongoin
g r
ese
arc
hBut
is a
n a
rea o
f ongoin
g r
ese
arc
h
Genetic
meth
ods
to s
ourc
e t
ype f
eca
l bact
eria
But
what
happens
dow
nst
ream
of
UN
E?
But
what
happens
dow
nst
ream
of
UN
E?
Perh
aps
not
surp
risi
ng t
hat
we s
ee f
eca
l co
nta
min
ation a
nd a
ntibio
tic
Perh
aps
not
surp
risi
ng t
hat
we s
ee f
eca
l co
nta
min
ation a
nd a
ntibio
tic
resi
stance
at
UN
Ere
sist
ance
at
UN
E
Riv
ers
are
bounded s
yst
em
s
Mate
rials
flo
w t
hro
ugh
Dilu
ted o
nly
by r
ain
fall
and s
now
melt in t
he w
ate
rshed
Quite a
bit o
f dilu
tion,
but
const
rain
ed
Dilu
tion e
ssentially
in o
ne d
imensi
on
Key t
o “
succ
ess
ful”
pollu
tion is
dilu
te,
dilu
te,
dilu
te.
Key t
o “
succ
ess
ful”
pollu
tion is
dilu
te,
dilu
te,
dilu
te.
When t
he r
iver
ente
rs t
he c
oast
al oce
an,
is d
ilution s
uff
icie
nt
to
effect
ively
elim
inate
feca
l bact
eria?
Tra
nsp
ort
and M
ixin
g o
f R
iver
Tra
nsp
ort
and M
ixin
g o
f R
iver
Plu
mes
in t
he C
oast
al O
cean
Plu
mes
in t
he C
oast
al O
cean
http
://w
ww
.gle
rl.no
aa.g
ov/r
es/g
lcfs
/gh/
gh-p
lum
e-ph
otos
/GH
-Plu
me0
6080
7-36
0-2.
jpg
Fre
shw
ate
r plu
me f
rom
the S
aco
R.
covers
Fre
shw
ate
r plu
me f
rom
the S
aco
R.
covers
up t
o 2
0 k
mup t
o 2
0 k
m22
Hig
h D
isch
arg
eLow
Dis
charg
e
Nort
heast
erly W
inds
South
west
erly W
inds
But
fresh
wate
r is
less
dense
than s
altw
ate
rBut
fresh
wate
r is
less
dense
than s
altw
ate
r
Saco
Riv
er
Saco
Riv
er
pplu
me
lum
eis
is
hig
hly
str
atified
hig
hly
str
atified ––
little
little
vert
ical m
ixin
gvert
ical m
ixin
g
Dilu
tion o
f th
e f
resh
wate
r plu
me is
Dilu
tion o
f th
e f
resh
wate
r plu
me is
min
imiz
ed b
eca
use
mix
ing m
ain
ly o
ccurs
in
min
imiz
ed b
eca
use
mix
ing m
ain
ly o
ccurs
in
2 d
imensi
ons.
2 d
imensi
ons.
Where
does
the p
lum
e g
o?
Where
does
the p
lum
e g
o?
2/3
’s o
f th
e t
ime,
moves
to t
he s
outh
west
2/3
’s o
f th
e t
ime,
moves
to t
he s
outh
west
(t
ow
ard
s Fort
unes
Rock
s and
(tow
ard
s Fort
unes
Rock
s and
Kennebunkport
).Kennebunkport
).
Not
Not
yet
clear
how
much
mix
ing o
ccurs
with
yet
clear
how
much
mix
ing o
ccurs
with
nears
hore
nears
hore
wate
r w
hen t
ransp
ort
is
in t
his
w
ate
r w
hen t
ransp
ort
is
in t
his
direct
ion.
direct
ion.
ECO
MSED
3-D
model co
urt
esy
of
C.
Tilb
urg
But
one t
hird o
f th
e t
ime,
a c
om
bin
ation o
f But
one t
hird o
f th
e t
ime,
a c
om
bin
ation o
f w
ind a
nd t
ides
sends
the p
lum
e n
ort
hw
est
w
ind a
nd t
ides
sends
the p
lum
e n
ort
hw
est
in
to S
aco
Bay.
into
Saco
Bay.
Direct
ly o
nto
the S
aco
Bay b
each
es.
Direct
ly o
nto
the S
aco
Bay b
each
es.
Plu
me d
ilute
d t
o o
nly
about
1/6
of
start
ing
Plu
me d
ilute
d t
o o
nly
about
1/6
of
start
ing
conce
ntr
ation.
conce
ntr
ation.
ECO
MSED
3-D
model co
urt
esy
of
C.
Tilb
urg
Sum
mary
and C
oncl
usi
ons
Sum
mary
and C
oncl
usi
ons
•Feca
l bact
eria a
re c
om
mon in t
he S
aco
Riv
er
•These
bact
eria e
xhib
it h
igh levels
of
antibio
tic
resi
stance
•M
am
mals
can a
cquire a
ntibio
tic
resi
stant
E.
coli
from
the r
iver
•The r
iver
plu
me is
hig
hly
str
atified,
so d
ilution in t
he c
oast
al
oce
an is
min
imal
•The p
lum
e (
and t
he b
act
eria in it)
oft
en h
ead s
traig
ht
onto
the
beach
es
in S
aco
Bay
Overa
ll, t
here
is
a p
ote
ntial fo
r hum
an e
xposu
re t
o a
ntibio
tic
Overa
ll, t
here
is
a p
ote
ntial fo
r hum
an e
xposu
re t
o a
ntibio
tic
resi
stant
bact
eria f
ar
from
the o
rigin
al so
urc
e.
resi
stant
bact
eria f
ar
from
the o
rigin
al so
urc
e.
Futu
re W
ork
Futu
re W
ork
•D
ete
rmin
e if
antibio
tic
resi
stant
bact
eria a
rise
beca
use
of
antibio
tic
usa
ge in t
he h
um
an p
opula
tion (
ente
ring t
he
river
thro
ugh C
SO
s),
or
from
vete
rinary
usa
ge o
f antibio
tics
in liv
est
ock
•M
odelin
g a
nd s
am
plin
g e
ffort
s to
dete
rmin
e w
heth
er
the
Saco
Riv
er
is t
he c
ause
of
feca
l bact
eria “
epis
odes”
on
Saco
Bay b
each
es
Thanks to:
Thanks to:
Antibio
tic
resi
stance
stu
dy
Antibio
tic
resi
stance
stu
dy ––
Gerr
y
Gerr
y B
eekm
an
Beekm
an,
Keith
, Keith
Mata
ssa
Mata
ssa,
Kath
y O
no
, Kath
y O
no
Saco
Riv
er
Coast
al O
bse
rvin
g S
yst
em
(Saco
Riv
er
Coast
al O
bse
rvin
g S
yst
em
(SaR
CO
SSaR
CO
S)
gro
up
) gro
up
––Charles
Tilb
urg
, Ste
ve Z
eem
an
Charles
Tilb
urg
, Ste
ve Z
eem
an
Fundin
g s
ourc
es:
Fundin
g s
ourc
es:
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