transportation—moving toward enhanced mobility
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Transportation—Moving Toward Enhanced Mobility
Michael D. Meyer, P.E., Professor
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Tra
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apac
ity
1950’s 1970’s 1990’s
Lochner Plan
1946
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1950’s 1970’s 1990’s
Lochner Plan
Voorhees Plan 1971
Atlanta Urban Area Tollway
System
1972
MARTA System
Plan
1972
Tra
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atio
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1950’s 1970’s 1990’s
Lochner Plan
MARTA System plus….
Freeing the Freeways
1978
Tra
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1950’s 1970’s 1990’s
Lochner Plan
MARTA System plus….
“Free the Freeway”
Transportation Solutions for A New Century :
2025 RTP
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE RTP TO THE TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM (TIP) AND AIR QUALITY STANDARDS?A TIP is a short-range program which identifies the highest priority projects in a conforming RTP and advances them for implementation. ARC annually develops a TIP which covers the next three fiscal years. An FY 2003-2005 TIP was developed in conjunction with the 2025 RTP Update.
Conformity is an analytical process which metropolitan areas such as Atlanta must perform to guarantee that long-range plans (RTP) and short-range implementation programs (TIP) are consistent with air quality goals outlined in the State Implementation Plan (SIP), developed by Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) and approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
In simple terms, achieving conformity means that transportation projects, programs and plans will not cause or contribute to new violations of air quality standards or work against the achievement of those air quality standards. Without a conformity determination, the only transportation projects which can proceed are those classified as exempt, such as safety improvements, selected transit projects and bicycle / pedestrian facilities.
Phone: 404.463.3100 TTY: 404.463.3272 Fax: 404.463.3254 Email: opinion@atlantaregional.com Web: www.atlantaregional.com
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WHO DEVELOPS THE RTP?The Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) is responsible for development of the RTP for a ten county region, as shown in the map below, in cooperation with municipal, county and state agencies, public transit operators, other stakeholder groups and the general public. Once adopted by the ARC Board, projects contained in an RTP can only move forward pending receipt of a conformity determination by the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT). A conformity determination ensures that the plan meets air quality goals, is financially balanced and represents a reasonable and feasible approach to addressing regional mobility needs.
I’VE HEARD A LOT ABOUT TRANSPORTATION LAWSUITS RECENTLY…WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN TO THE PLANNING PROCESS?
WHAT IS THE RTP?The 2025 RTP Update identifies over 2,100 transportation projects totaling approximately $39.8 billion to be funded in the ten-county Atlanta region between now and the year 2025.
The RTP is a balanced plan of projects such as bridges, bicycle paths, sidewalks, transit services, roadway upgrades, safety improvements, transportation demand management initiatives and emission reduction strategies.
WHAT IS THE STATUS OF THE NORTHERN ARC?On July 5, 2002, Governor Roy Barnes temporarily suspended all official action on the Northern Arc until stronger ethics legislation can be passed by the Georgia Legislature. As a result, the FY 2003-2005 TIP does not include any additional funds for the project. The project is classified as “Active”, meaning funds have been spent on the project in prior years, but there no new funds allocated in the TIP. The Northern Arc remains in the 2025 RTP, however.
On Wednesday, August 21, 2002, the 11th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals issued a stay on the Attainment State Implementation Plan (SIP). The SIP defines Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets (MVEB) for NOx and VOC pollutants and is one of the criteria upon which USDOT makes conformity determinations on the RTP and TIP.
ARC anticipated the possibility of a stay being granted and developed the RTP so that conformity could be demonstrated against budgets contained in both the Attainment SIP and the older Rate of Progress (ROP) plan. With the stay in place, the currently effective MVEBs revert to those defined in the ROP plan. The stay will have no impact on the TIP and RTP comment and adoption schedule.
Another legal issue ARC is monitoring closely involves the Northern Arc Task Force’s challenge of the Governor’s Transportation Choices Initiative. The group contends that the proposed bonding mechanism violates the State Constitution. The Superior Court of Fulton County ruled in favor of the State on September 12, 2002, but an appeal to the Georgia Supreme Court is likely. At this point, it is not possible to know the final outcome of the challenge or what impact a reversal of the lower court’s decision would have on the TIP and RTP.
RTP2025 Regional Transportation Plan Update (2002 Update)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Mobility 2030
Setting the Direction for Regional Transportation
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Lochner Plan
MARTA System plus….
“Free the Freeway”EmploymentPopulatio
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2030 RTP
Important to note that all of these major initiatives had some form of
dedicated funding attached to them
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1950’s 1970’s 1990’s
Lochner Plan
MARTA System plus….
“Free the Freeway”
What’s next? 2030 RTP
Other Regions
MOBILITY 2030 VISION
REGIONAL TRENDS THROUGH 2030: HOW ARE WE GROWING AND CHANGING?
FINANCIAL STRATEGIES: PAYING OUR WAY
LAND USE-TRANSPORTATION CONNECTION: WE MUST GROW SMARTER
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT: MORE TRAVEL CHOICES
SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT: MAKING BETTER USE OF WHAT WE HAVE
DEMAND MANAGEMENT: TAKING PRESSURE OFF THE SYSTEM
San Diego
Seattle
Denver
Binding agreement to guide growth
Agree to establish growth boundaries
Comprehensive plans that are consistentwith each other and with the region
Linked to zoning, regulations, and codes
73% of region’s population
So, what is transportation
planning?
….a process of continually examining the
transportation challenges facing a region, and of
identifying a plan of action to improve transportation
system performance
So, what are the transportation challenges
(and/or problems)?It all depends on who is defining “challenges”
Congestion/delay/it takes a long time to “get there”
Translating Crash Statistics into Local Terms
Georgia Crime – Crash Clock (2002)
• 1 murder every 16.8 hours • 1 fatality every 5.7 hours
1 aggravated assault every 84 minutes
1 injury every 4 minutes
1 violent crime every 15 minutes
1 property damage crash every 2.2 minutes
1 crash every 1.6 minutes 1 property crime every 1.7 minutes
Safety Costs versus Congestion Costs, Atlanta Region, 2001
Congestion Cost: $2.021 billion
Safety Cost: $3.314 billion
• Inadequate transportation options
• Poor land use/transportation linkage
• Inefficient pricing of a scarce resource
• Poor policy guidance on both land use and transportation decisions
• Lack of funding….and willingness to provide funding
Guess what?
Mobility Mobility andand
Accessibility Accessibility
Mobility Mobility andand
Accessibility Accessibility
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Intelligent Transportation Systems
Transit Facilities and Services
Intermodal Facilities and Services
Traffic Engineering
Highway Capacity
Bike/Walkways
System Operations
Mobility Mobility andand
Accessibility Accessibility
SU
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Y M
AN
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TL
AN
D U
SE M
AN
AG
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TPlanning & Zoning
Phasing/Adequacy
Density
Mixed Use
Urban Design
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Transit Facilities and Services
Intermodal Facilities and Services
Traffic Engineering
Highway Capacity
Bike/Walkways
System Operations
Growth Management
Mobility Mobility andand
Accessibility Accessibility
SU
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AN
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DEMAND MANAGEMENT
LA
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MA
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Planning & Zoning
Phasing/Adequacy
Density
Mixed Use
Urban Design
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Transit Facilities and Services
Intermodal Facilities and Services
Traffic Engineering
Highway Capacity
Bike/Walkways
Alternative Work Schedules
Alternative Modes
AlternativeWork Locations
Employer SupportPrograms
Financial Incentives and Disincentives
Pricing
System Operations
Growth Management
….a process of continually examining the
transportation challenges facing a region, and of
identifying a plan of action to improve transportation
system performance
How are projects selected for the regional transportation plan and the TIP?
“Plan and associated TIP will be developed by prioritizing transportation strategies based on three areas of priority
Managing, optimizing and operating the current transportation system
Implementing overall demand management programs
Expanding the regional system where appropriate”
The challenge facing the Atlanta region is not a deficiency of ideas…..
….but rather the lack of institutional and funding capability that can deal with regional problems!
Regional Transit Institutional Analysis
Transit Planning Board (TPB)
Transit Services Board (TSB)
Transit Planning Board
• Commissioner of 10 largest metro counties
• Atlanta Mayor
• Chairmen, GDOT Board
• Chairman, GRTA Board
• MARTA board chairman
• Three representatives appointed by Governor
Transit Planning BoardAct as an advocate at the federal level for the provision of additional regional transit funding resources.
Oversee integration of fares, marketing and customer information across the region.
Work with individual operators and oversee the implementation of transit service to improve regional service coordination.
Develop and evaluate a Regional Transit Plan including a comprehensive financial plan that identifies needed local, state and federal resources.
Measure system performance.
Propose and make recommendations to the State for additional transit funding, once a comprehensive financial plan is complete.
In the event that a new regional transit funding mechanism is approved, the TPB would develop a recommendation for the long term TSB.
Transit Services Board Distribute new regional transit funds (both capital and operating) to the transit providers based on its designated criteria.
Oversee the financial and operational performance of the transit providers.
Identify and implement the preferred operational and financial arrangements for major new transit services in the region as well as potential changes to existing service provision arrangements.
How do the players work together in the
transportation planning process?
Anyone who wants to be can be involved, however….. there are some who wield greater authority and influence than others because of:
a) Enabling legislation
b) Position held within governance structure
c) Knowing how to “work the system”
d) Holding the purse strings
For Example…..
Atlanta Partnership for Regional Livability
Atlanta Neighborhood Development Partnership Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) Casey Foundation Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT) Community Foundation of Atlanta Data and Policy Analysis (DAPA) Enterprise FoundationFannie Mae Federal Home Loan Bank Georgia Conservancy Georgia Institute of Technology School of Planning Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation
Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (GRTA) Greater Atlanta Homebuilders Association (GAHB) Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce (MACOC) Regional Business Coalition (RBC) Turner Foundation United Way of Atlanta Urban Land Institute – Atlanta District Council (ULI) U S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
Motivation for Collaboration• We will all “gain”…win-win (and I’d like to think this is what it is all about)
• It is the right thing to do
• Crisis or threat, e.g., Olympics, 9/11
• I will “gain” on this decision
• I will get a future bargaining chip
• An “ambassador” or peer convinces me based on experience
• We’re told to do it (e.g., blame the feds)
$$Funding$$
Mobility 2030 plan faces a $3.9 billion deficit…. a result of costs
increasing 25% and revenues decreasing 6.5%.
Georgia Gasoline Tax is Lowest in USC
en
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Ga
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Additional Federal Tax = 18.4 cents per gallon
Additional Federal Tax = 18.4 cents per gallon
Trend in Gasoline Tax in Georgia andNeighboring States
Ce
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Georgia
Florida
South CarolinaAlabama
Tennessee
North Carolina
And if one looks into the future, with alternative fueled vehicles and greater gas mileage per vehicle, the gas tax might not be a stable source of funds for building, operating and preserving the transportation system.
I predict that, in the future, the states and regions with the most
stable and reliable financing of their transportation system will have a
“menu” of funding sources
Most Common State-levelDedicated Funding Sources
Transit• Retail sales• Personal income• Real property• Motor fuels:
– Gallonage tax– Sales tax
• General fund• Transportation trust fund
Highway• Motor fuels• Bonding against gas tax
revenues• Future federal funds:
Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicles (GARVEEs)
• Toll roads
More Innovative Sources
• Public/private funding
– Public Private Initiatives (PPIs)
• HOT lanes
• State infrastructure bank
What is needed is either a statewide increase in transportation revenues (all ships rise with the tide)….OR
authorization for metropolitan areas to develop a strategy for regional
transportation finance
Regional Funding Strategies
• Seattle• San Francisco• Los Angeles• Tri-State (NY-NJ-CT)• Portland• Twin Cities• Kansas City, MO• Vancouver, BC
Seattle---RTIDRegional Transportation
Investment District
• Sales Tax of 0.1% to 0.5%,
• Vehicle License Fee of $1 to $100,
• Motor Vehicle Excise Tax (MVET) of 0.1% to 0.3%,
• Local Option Gas Tax 0 to 2.8¢ per gallon
• Tolls on specific roads or bridges
We need a regionally-based funding source that is:
--multimodal--equitable--indexed to inflationary trends--operations- and capital-oriented--shared by state and locals--targeted on critical bottlenecks
Our outreach efforts as part of the NSAS/GA 400 study
indicated public support for funding strategies where users
pay for the benefits received
King for the Day
Focus on regional strategic systems
Priority to HOV system
Managed lanes (pricing)
Corridor approach
Best practices and tools for land use
Freight mobility
AND MOST OF ALL – Regional $$
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