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Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Lecture 39Lecture 39OverviewOverview
Salubrious and balmy vs. Hot and steamy
There are dramatically apposing attitudes towards the tropics, both anti- and pro-tropic sentiments
Cruise ships, waving palms vs. Poisonous snakes & crocs
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Resorts & retirement havens vs. Slums & shacks
Birth of civilization vs. Uncivilized
Green and bountiful vs. Starvation & malnutrition
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Rich in flora vs. Monotonously green
Tea
Cacao
Coffee
Beverage Crops
Avocado
Date
Citrus Banana & Plantain
Papaya Pineapple
Fruits and Nuts
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Cassava
Taro Yam
Sweetpotato
Starchy Vegetables
CoconutRubber tree
Industrial Crops
Rice Sugarcane
Grasses
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Ginger
Nutmeg
Clove PepperVanilla
Cinnamon
Spices
Bougenvillia
Orchids
Philodendron
Plumeria Poinsettia
Streletzia
Ornamentals
Revolution is the movement of the earth in an elliptical orbit around the sun whose average distance is 93 million miles away. The time to travel 1 orbit = 1 year. During this time there are 365.25 rotations of the earth.
Theory of the Tropics
Celestial Mechanics
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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ET, tundraEF, icecap
Warmest month below 10°C (50°F)
PolarE
Da, humid continental, warm summerDaw, with dry winterDaf, with no dry season
Db, humid continental, cool summerDc, Dd, subarctic
Coldest month below 0°C (32°F); warmest above 10°C (50°F)
Humid, severe-winter temperate
D
Cs, Mediterranean (dry-summer subtropical)Csa, hot-summer MediterraneanCsb, cool-summer Mediterranean
Ca, humid subtropical (warm summer)Caw, with dry winterCaf, with no dry season
Cb, Cc, marine west coast (cool summer)
Coldest month between 18°C (64.4°F) and 0°C (32°F)
Humid, mild-winter temperate
C
BS, steppeBSh, tropical and subtropical steppeBSk, middle latitude steppe
BW, desertBWh, tropical and subtropical desert
Evaporation exceeds precipitation
DryB
Af, tropical rainforestAm, monsoon rainforestAw, tropical savannah
Coolest month above 18°C (64.4°F)
Tropical rainyASubclimates (incomplete)Chief characteristicMajor climateSymbol
Forests are stratified, typically 3 layers or strata
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Clays are the “life blood” of the soil due to the active exchange mechanism of bases.
Clays differ in tropics and temperate climatesTemperate clays: Montmorillonite (2:1 layer)Tropical clays: Kaolinite (1:1 layer)
Clays
Nutrient Recycling
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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1521331361091004 months(May–Aug)
1011231271061008 months(March–Oct)
6891117105100Entire Year
D(Severe winter)
Ca(Mild
temperate)Cs
(Medit)AwAfTime
Net Photosynthesis as a Percent of Af Climate
Agriculture in Tropical Systems
Upland rice clearing in forest for rice, Maranhao
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Cerrado Burning, Brazil
Themes in Tropical Agriculture
Demographic Transition
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Norman E. Borlaug, 1970 recipient of theNobel Prize for Peace, working with hybrid
wheats at the CIMMYT Toluca station, Mexico
Lodging susceptible and resistant rice
Coffee Cherry
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Cacao,Orthotropic Tree
Cacao,Plagiotropic
Tree
Cacao fruit and dry beans
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Through fermentation and drying, the cacao
pod’s pulp-surrounded seeds are converted into nibs ready for
roasting and grinding into chocolate liquor
Rice paddy near Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
Sugar Mill, Ponte Nova, Brazil, 1963
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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Tapping Rubber Trees
Originated in west and central Africa
TreeAn unbranchedmoneocious palm; 40–50 leaves (24/year), 10–11m at 25 to 35 years.
FruitA drupe with fleshy mesocarp and hard endocarp which surround 1, usually 2, and occasionally 3 seeds.
Oil palm, Elaeis guineensis
Cassava
Tropical Horticulture: Overview
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I II III IV V
The flower type shows a relationship to fruit shape.
Papaya Flower Type
Valencia Orange, Israel
Nucellar polyembryony in Citrus
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