tvl 12/ tvl 11 origin of the universe and the solar system

Ms. Ma. Irene G. Gonzales, LPT

History of the Atoms in Your Body

▪By the time the universe was a few minutes old, the protons, neutrons, electrons in our body had come into existence. We are made of very old matter.

History of the Atoms in Your Body

▪The matter in the early universe was about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium.

▪Although our body DOES NOT contain helium, it DOES contain many of those ANCIENT hydrogen atoms unchanged since the universe began.

Matter began to collect to form galaxies containing billions of stars

Nuclear reactions inside stars are where low-mass atoms (hydrogen) and are combined to make heavier atoms

Stars cooked the original particles and fused them into atoms such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen

Calcium atoms in our bones are assembled inside stars

Massive stars produce iron in their cores

Iron is destroyed when the core collapses

Star explodes as supernova

Atoms heavier than iron such as gold, silver, and iodine are created by rapid nuclear reactions that can only occur during supernova explosions

Iodine, Silver and Gold are types of atoms which are part of our life on Earth and they were made during the violent deaths of massive stars long ago

Astronomers have a variety of evidence that the sun formed from a cloud of gas and dust 5 billion years ago

Catastrophic hypothesis

▪Proposed that the planets formed from some improbable event such as the collision of the sun and another star

Evolutionary hypothesis

▪Proposed that the planets formed gradually and naturally as the sun

Supposes that planets form in the rotating disks of gas and dust around young stars

When the sun became luminous enough, the remaining gas and dust were blown away into space, leaving the planets orbiting the sun

SYSTEM

any entity that consists of interrelated parts or components

EARTH SYSTEM

relies on the interactions among a vast combination of factors that enable to support life

SUBSYSTEMS

functioning units of a major system that demonstrate strong internal connections

1) ATMOSPHERE

gaseous blanket of air that envelops, shields, and insulates Earth

2) HYDROSPHERE

waters of Earth – oceans, lakes, rivers, and glaciers

3) LITHOSPHERE

makes up the solid Earth – landforms, rocks, soils, and minerals

4) BIOSPHERE

all living things: people, animals, and plants

The interactions among the subsystems nurture

the conditions necessary for LIFE.

Hydrosphere and Biosphere - water supply for life on Earth - home environment for aquatic

plants and animals

Hydrosphere and Lithosphere - water moving in streams,

waves, and currents shapes landforms

Hydrosphere and Atmosphere - evaporation, condensation,

and the effects of ocean temperatures on climate

Biosphere and Hydrosphere - water stored in plants and

animals

Atmosphere and Hydrosphere - water in clouds

Soil - typically contains minerals

(lithosphere), organisms (biosphere), and water (hydrosphere)

Earth system is dynamic and continually responding to changes. Changes may be naturally caused or human induced

The study of relationships between organisms and their environment.

A community of organisms and the relationships of those organisms to each other and to their environment.

If a critical part of Earth is significantly changed or fails to operate properly, living organisms may no longer be able to survive.

Earth provides all the environment constituents and conditions to support life. The only external input Earth requires is energy from the sun.

Can be abused, wasted, or exhausted, potentially threatening Earth’s ability to support human life

Using more resources in a year than their annual renewal, growth, or replacement

Development that meets the need of the present WITHOUT compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

“We have the responsibility of helping to maintain our present and future habitat – the Earth System.”

Two-way relationships Environment influences human behavior and human affects the environment

Natural Hazards Human Impacts on the Environment

Natural processes Unusual intensity Put environments and human life or property at risk of damage or destruction

Earthquake in Batangas last April 8, 2017

Tropical storm Ondoy in 2009

Humans and their activities can constitute a serious threat to the environment

Pollution

Unhealthy environmental contamination

Air, water, land areas which are polluted can be unusable to life forms

Dead whale in Cavite (May 12, 2017)

Model

Representations of the real world

Useful simplification of a more complex reality that permits prediction

1) Pictorial/Graphic Models

Pictures, maps, graphs, drawings, and computer-generated visualizations

2) Physical Models

Solid three-dimensional representations

World globe, replica of a mountain or stream

3) Mathematical/Statistical models

Used to understand processes and predict possibilities such as river floods or the influence of climate change on daily weather

4) Conceptual models

Mind imagery that we use for understanding our surroundings and experiences

1) Clearly define the system. 2) Break the defined system down into

its component parts (variables). 3) Understand how these variables are

related to one another.

Inputs (from environment)

• Energy

• Information

• Matter

Throughputs (rates of flow)

• Human body (inputs may be stored for different lengths of time)

Outputs (to environment)

• Heat

• Ideas and actions

• Waste and pollution

The water cycle provides examples of interactions between energy and matter, their storage in the system, and the processes involved.

1) Open systems Involve the inputs and outputs of both energy

and matter (e.g., Earth subsystems)

2) Closed systems No substantial amount of matter crosses its

boundaries, although energy can go in and out (e.g., Earth)

Earth and Life Sciences Kto12 Philippine Edition

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