types of common nouns in ga - phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de · sebe-i egg.plant-pl 2 2 nye. yesterday...
Post on 16-Sep-2019
3 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Types of common nouns in Ga
Agata RenansUniversity of Potsdam
September 17, 2013Dusseldorf
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 1 / 34
Introduction
Ga language
spoken in West Africa, in Ghana
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 2 / 34
Introduction
Ga language
the Greater Accra Region
600 000 speakers
one of the five governmentsupported languages, taughtin the schools
SVO, 2 tones: low and high
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 3 / 34
Introduction
The main claims:
There are three types of CNs in Ga:
singular and plural count nounsmass nounsintermediate nouns
one of the main evidence for the existence of the third intermediatetype of CNs → interaction with the exclusive particles
The plan of the talk
1 three types of CNs in Ga
2 exclusive particles in Ga
3 (1) + (2) = interaction of the different types of CNs with the exclusiveparticles
4 analysis
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 4 / 34
Introduction
The main claims:
There are three types of CNs in Ga:
singular and plural count nounsmass nounsintermediate nouns
one of the main evidence for the existence of the third intermediatetype of CNs → interaction with the exclusive particles
The plan of the talk
1 three types of CNs in Ga
2 exclusive particles in Ga
3 (1) + (2) = interaction of the different types of CNs with the exclusiveparticles
4 analysis
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 4 / 34
Introduction
Common Nouns in Ga
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 5 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Count nouns
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they obtain morphological plural markers when they refer to a cumulation of theNP-entities
(1) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
sEbE-i
egg.plant-PL
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Kofi ate two egg plants yesterday.’
wolo (book), nyEmi yoo (sister), aduawa (fruit), sEbE (eggplant), akpoplonto (turtle),mama (textile), weku (family)
Mass nouns
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
(2) *Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
2
2
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate two beans yesterday.’
(3) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
pii
many
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate a lot of beans yesterday.’
yOO, nu (water), fO (oil), gari (gries), shika (money), su (mud), waN (grey hair), tawa(tobacco)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 6 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Count nouns
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they obtain morphological plural markers when they refer to a cumulation of theNP-entities
(1) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
sEbE-i
egg.plant-PL
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Kofi ate two egg plants yesterday.’
wolo (book), nyEmi yoo (sister), aduawa (fruit), sEbE (eggplant), akpoplonto (turtle),mama (textile), weku (family)
Mass nouns
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
(2) *Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
2
2
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate two beans yesterday.’
(3) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
pii
many
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate a lot of beans yesterday.’
yOO, nu (water), fO (oil), gari (gries), shika (money), su (mud), waN (grey hair), tawa(tobacco)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 6 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Count nouns
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they obtain morphological plural markers when they refer to a cumulation of theNP-entities
(1) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
sEbE-i
egg.plant-PL
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Kofi ate two egg plants yesterday.’
wolo (book), nyEmi yoo (sister), aduawa (fruit), sEbE (eggplant), akpoplonto (turtle),mama (textile), weku (family)
Mass nouns
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
(2) *Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
2
2
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate two beans yesterday.’
(3) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
pii
many
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate a lot of beans yesterday.’
yOO, nu (water), fO (oil), gari (gries), shika (money), su (mud), waN (grey hair), tawa(tobacco)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 6 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Count nouns
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they obtain morphological plural markers when they refer to a cumulation of theNP-entities
(1) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
sEbE-i
egg.plant-PL
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Kofi ate two egg plants yesterday.’
wolo (book), nyEmi yoo (sister), aduawa (fruit), sEbE (eggplant), akpoplonto (turtle),mama (textile), weku (family)
Mass nouns
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
(2) *Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
2
2
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate two beans yesterday.’
(3) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
pii
many
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate a lot of beans yesterday.’
yOO, nu (water), fO (oil), gari (gries), shika (money), su (mud), waN (grey hair), tawa(tobacco)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 6 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Count nouns
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they obtain morphological plural markers when they refer to a cumulation of theNP-entities
(1) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
sEbE-i
egg.plant-PL
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Kofi ate two egg plants yesterday.’
wolo (book), nyEmi yoo (sister), aduawa (fruit), sEbE (eggplant), akpoplonto (turtle),mama (textile), weku (family)
Mass nouns
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
(2) *Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
2
2
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate two beans yesterday.’
(3) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
pii
many
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate a lot of beans yesterday.’
yOO, nu (water), fO (oil), gari (gries), shika (money), su (mud), waN (grey hair), tawa(tobacco)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 6 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Count nouns
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they obtain morphological plural markers when they refer to a cumulation of theNP-entities
(1) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
sEbE-i
egg.plant-PL
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Kofi ate two egg plants yesterday.’
wolo (book), nyEmi yoo (sister), aduawa (fruit), sEbE (eggplant), akpoplonto (turtle),mama (textile), weku (family)
Mass nouns
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
(2) *Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
2
2
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate two beans yesterday.’
(3) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
pii
many
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate a lot of beans yesterday.’
yOO, nu (water), fO (oil), gari (gries), shika (money), su (mud), waN (grey hair), tawa(tobacco)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 6 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Count nouns
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they obtain morphological plural markers when they refer to a cumulation of theNP-entities
(1) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
sEbE-i
egg.plant-PL
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Kofi ate two egg plants yesterday.’
wolo (book), nyEmi yoo (sister), aduawa (fruit), sEbE (eggplant), akpoplonto (turtle),mama (textile), weku (family)
Mass nouns
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
(2) *Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
2
2
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate two beans yesterday.’
(3) Kofi
K.
ye
eat
yOO
bean
pii
many
nyE.
yesterday.
‘Kofi ate a lot of beans yesterday.’
yOO, nu (water), fO (oil), gari (gries), shika (money), su (mud), waN (grey hair), tawa(tobacco)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 6 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Intermediate nouns
like count nouns ⇒ they can be combined with numerals without the use ofclassifiers
like mass nouns ⇒ they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the
NP-entities
(4) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate two potatoes yesterday.’
(5) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate potato(s) yesterday.’ ⇒ it does not follow how many
loo (fish), bloodo (bread), amo (tomato), atomo (potato), kOmi (kenkey), amadaa(plaintain), abonua (lemon), waa (snail), kaa (crab), Naa (crab)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 7 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Intermediate nouns
like count nouns ⇒ they can be combined with numerals without the use ofclassifiers
like mass nouns ⇒ they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the
NP-entities
(4) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate two potatoes yesterday.’
(5) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate potato(s) yesterday.’ ⇒ it does not follow how many
loo (fish), bloodo (bread), amo (tomato), atomo (potato), kOmi (kenkey), amadaa(plaintain), abonua (lemon), waa (snail), kaa (crab), Naa (crab)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 7 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Intermediate nouns
like count nouns ⇒ they can be combined with numerals without the use ofclassifiers
like mass nouns ⇒ they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the
NP-entities
(4) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate two potatoes yesterday.’
(5) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate potato(s) yesterday.’ ⇒ it does not follow how many
loo (fish), bloodo (bread), amo (tomato), atomo (potato), kOmi (kenkey), amadaa(plaintain), abonua (lemon), waa (snail), kaa (crab), Naa (crab)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 7 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Intermediate nouns
like count nouns ⇒ they can be combined with numerals without the use ofclassifiers
like mass nouns ⇒ they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the
NP-entities
(4) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate two potatoes yesterday.’
(5) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate potato(s) yesterday.’ ⇒ it does not follow how many
loo (fish), bloodo (bread), amo (tomato), atomo (potato), kOmi (kenkey), amadaa(plaintain), abonua (lemon), waa (snail), kaa (crab), Naa (crab)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 7 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Intermediate nouns
like count nouns ⇒ they can be combined with numerals without the use ofclassifiers
like mass nouns ⇒ they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the
NP-entities
(4) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate two potatoes yesterday.’
(5) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate potato(s) yesterday.’ ⇒ it does not follow how many
loo (fish), bloodo (bread), amo (tomato), atomo (potato), kOmi (kenkey), amadaa(plaintain), abonua (lemon), waa (snail), kaa (crab), Naa (crab)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 7 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Intermediate nouns
like count nouns ⇒ they can be combined with numerals without the use ofclassifiers
like mass nouns ⇒ they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the
NP-entities
(4) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
2
2
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate two potatoes yesterday.’
(5) Lisa
Lisa
ye
eat
atomo
potato
nyE.
yesterday
‘Lisa ate potato(s) yesterday.’ ⇒ it does not follow how many
loo (fish), bloodo (bread), amo (tomato), atomo (potato), kOmi (kenkey), amadaa(plaintain), abonua (lemon), waa (snail), kaa (crab), Naa (crab)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 7 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Count Nouns
The denotation of count nouns — sublattice structures (Link 1983):
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
sEbEi
sEbE
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 8 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Mass nouns 1
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
Link (1983), (Wilhelm 2008)
Mass nouns 2
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
Chierchia (1998)
Mass nouns
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
Intermediate nouns
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 9 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Mass nouns in Ga
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
Intermediate nouns in Ga
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
Mass nouns
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
Intermediate nouns
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 9 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Mass nouns in Ga
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
Intermediate nouns in Ga
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
Mass nouns
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
Intermediate nouns
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 9 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Mass nouns in Ga
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
Intermediate nouns in Ga
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
Mass nouns
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
they cannot be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers,
Intermediate nouns
they are not pluralized when they refer to a cumulation of the NP-entities
they can be combined with numerals without the use of classifiers
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 9 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Intermediate summary:
3 types of CNs in Ga:
count → sublattice structures
mass → a full join-semilattice structure without the atomic elements
intermediate → a full join-semilattice structure with atomic elements
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 10 / 34
Common Nouns in Ga
Exclusive particles in Ga
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 11 / 34
Exclusive particles
Exclusives in Ga — Introduction
Unusual proliferation of exclusives in Ga:
(6) a. Basic exclusives:kome, too, pE, kEkE, sOO
b. Complex exclusives:kome too, kome pE, kome too pE, too pE, kEkE pE, etc.
kome → is not a full-blooded exclusive; derives from ekome (one)
pE, too → typical exclusive particles, the differences in their semanticsare hard to detect, BUT:
they are visible when pE and too are part of the complex exclusives:kome pE and kome too
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 12 / 34
Exclusive particles
Exclusives in Ga — Introduction
Unusual proliferation of exclusives in Ga:
(6) a. Basic exclusives:kome, too, pE, kEkE, sOO
b. Complex exclusives:kome too, kome pE, kome too pE, too pE, kEkE pE, etc.
kome → is not a full-blooded exclusive; derives from ekome (one)
pE, too → typical exclusive particles, the differences in their semanticsare hard to detect, BUT:
they are visible when pE and too are part of the complex exclusives:kome pE and kome too
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 12 / 34
Exclusive particles
Exclusives in Ga — Introduction
Unusual proliferation of exclusives in Ga:
(6) a. Basic exclusives:kome, too, pE, kEkE, sOO
b. Complex exclusives:kome too, kome pE, kome too pE, too pE, kEkE pE, etc.
kome → is not a full-blooded exclusive; derives from ekome (one)
pE, too → typical exclusive particles, the differences in their semanticsare hard to detect, BUT:
they are visible when pE and too are part of the complex exclusives:kome pE and kome too
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 12 / 34
Exclusive particles
Exclusives in Ga — Introduction
Unusual proliferation of exclusives in Ga:
(6) a. Basic exclusives:kome, too, pE, kEkE, sOO
b. Complex exclusives:kome too, kome pE, kome too pE, too pE, kEkE pE, etc.
kome → is not a full-blooded exclusive; derives from ekome (one)
pE, too → typical exclusive particles, the differences in their semanticsare hard to detect, BUT:
they are visible when pE and too are part of the complex exclusives:kome pE and kome too
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 12 / 34
Exclusive particles
Exclusives in Ga — Introduction
Unusual proliferation of exclusives in Ga:
(6) a. Basic exclusives:kome, too, pE, kEkE, sOO
b. Complex exclusives:kome too, kome pE, kome too pE, too pE, kEkE pE, etc.
kome → is not a full-blooded exclusive; derives from ekome (one)
pE, too → typical exclusive particles, the differences in their semanticsare hard to detect, BUT:
they are visible when pE and too are part of the complex exclusives:kome pE and kome too
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 12 / 34
Interaction of three types of CNs with exclusive particles
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 13 / 34
CNs and exclusives
Interaction with singular count nouns → as expected
(7) KofiK.
hebought
wolobook
X kome pE/PART
X kome tooPART
nyE.yesterday
‘Kofi bought only (one) book yesterday.’
Interaction with mass nouns
(8) KofiK.
hebought
yOObean
*kome pE/PART
Xkome tooPART
nyE.yesterday
‘Kofi bought only beans yesterday.’
Interaction with intermediate nouns
(9) KofiK.
hebought
atomopotato
X kome pE/
PART
Xkome tooPART
nyE.yesterday
‘Kofi bought only 1 potato/ only potato(s) yesterday.’
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 14 / 34
CNs and exclusives
Interaction with singular count nouns → as expected
(7) KofiK.
hebought
wolobook
X kome pE/PART
X kome tooPART
nyE.yesterday
‘Kofi bought only (one) book yesterday.’
Interaction with mass nouns
(8) KofiK.
hebought
yOObean
*kome pE/PART
Xkome tooPART
nyE.yesterday
‘Kofi bought only beans yesterday.’
Interaction with intermediate nouns
(9) KofiK.
hebought
atomopotato
X kome pE/
PART
Xkome tooPART
nyE.yesterday
‘Kofi bought only 1 potato/ only potato(s) yesterday.’
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 14 / 34
CNs and exclusives
Interaction with singular count nouns → as expected
(7) KofiK.
hebought
wolobook
X kome pE/PART
X kome tooPART
nyE.yesterday
‘Kofi bought only (one) book yesterday.’
Interaction with mass nouns
(8) KofiK.
hebought
yOObean
*kome pE/PART
Xkome tooPART
nyE.yesterday
‘Kofi bought only beans yesterday.’
Interaction with intermediate nouns
(9) KofiK.
hebought
atomopotato
X kome pE/
PART
Xkome tooPART
nyE.yesterday
‘Kofi bought only 1 potato/ only potato(s) yesterday.’
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 14 / 34
CNs and exclusives
Interaction of common nouns with exclusives in Ga
kome kome pE kome too too pE
sg. count nouns 1 NP only 1 NP only (1) NP only NP only NPmass nouns − − only NP only NP only NPintermed. nouns 1 NP only 1 NP only NP only NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 15 / 34
CNs and exclusives
Interaction of common nouns with exclusives in Ga
kome kome pE kome too too pE
sg. count nouns 1 NP only 1 NP only (1) NP only NP only NPmass nouns − − only NP only NP only NPintermed. nouns 1 NP only 1 NP only NP only NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 15 / 34
CNs and exclusives
Interaction of common nouns with exclusives in Ga
kome kome pE kome too too pE
sg. count nouns 1 NP only 1 NP only (1) NP only NP only NPmass nouns − − only NP only NP only NPintermed. nouns 1 NP only 1 NP only NP only NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 15 / 34
Interaction of CNs with exclusive particles — analysis
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 16 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Part 1. Denotations of CNs
Count nouns
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
Mass nouns
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
Intermediate nouns
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 17 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Part 2. Denotations of exclusive particles
Denotations of basic exclusives
kome → is analysed as a choice function (CF):
(10) A choice function is a function from sets of individuals that picks aunique individual from any non-empty set in its domain (Kratzer 1997).The output of the CF must be an atomic element.
pE → is a generalized quantifier:
(11) [[pE]] = λPλQ∀(x)[Q(x)→ P(x)]
too → is a particle that incorporates Landman’s (1989) group forming operator (‘↑’)(12) [[too]] = λP.λx . for all z ∈ P : x =↑ (z)
Complex exclusives
scope differences → pE scopes over kome, whereas too is in the scope of kome
(13) pE (kome (too))
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 18 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Part 2. Denotations of exclusive particles
Denotations of basic exclusives
kome → is analysed as a choice function (CF):
(10) A choice function is a function from sets of individuals that picks aunique individual from any non-empty set in its domain (Kratzer 1997).The output of the CF must be an atomic element.
pE → is a generalized quantifier:
(11) [[pE]] = λPλQ∀(x)[Q(x)→ P(x)]
too → is a particle that incorporates Landman’s (1989) group forming operator (‘↑’)(12) [[too]] = λP.λx . for all z ∈ P : x =↑ (z)
Complex exclusives
scope differences → pE scopes over kome, whereas too is in the scope of kome
(13) pE (kome (too))
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 18 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Part 2. Denotations of exclusive particles
Denotations of basic exclusives
kome → is analysed as a choice function (CF):
(10) A choice function is a function from sets of individuals that picks aunique individual from any non-empty set in its domain (Kratzer 1997).The output of the CF must be an atomic element.
pE → is a generalized quantifier:
(11) [[pE]] = λPλQ∀(x)[Q(x)→ P(x)]
too → is a particle that incorporates Landman’s (1989) group forming operator (‘↑’)(12) [[too]] = λP.λx . for all z ∈ P : x =↑ (z)
Complex exclusives
scope differences → pE scopes over kome, whereas too is in the scope of kome
(13) pE (kome (too))
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 18 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Part 2. Denotations of exclusive particles
Denotations of basic exclusives
kome → is analysed as a choice function (CF):
(10) A choice function is a function from sets of individuals that picks aunique individual from any non-empty set in its domain (Kratzer 1997).The output of the CF must be an atomic element.
pE → is a generalized quantifier:
(11) [[pE]] = λPλQ∀(x)[Q(x)→ P(x)]
too → is a particle that incorporates Landman’s (1989) group forming operator (‘↑’)(12) [[too]] = λP.λx . for all z ∈ P : x =↑ (z)
Complex exclusives
scope differences → pE scopes over kome, whereas too is in the scope of kome
(13) pE (kome (too))
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 18 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Complex exclusives:
(NP kome) pE:
(14) [[NP kome]] = f (λx .[[NP]](x))
(14) is shifted in the Partee-style from 〈e〉 to 〈e, t〉:
(15) [[NP kome]]λy .y = f (λx .[[NP]](x))
(15) is feeded into the meaning of [[pE]]
(16) for all z ∈ VP : z = f (λz .[[NP]](x))
(NP too) kome:
(17) [[NP too]] = λx . for all z ∈ NP : x =↑ (z)
(18) [[(NP too) kome]] = f (λx .for all z ∈ [[NP]] : x =↑ (z))
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 19 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome pE/kome too
(19) Kofi
K.
he
bought
yOO
bean
*kome pE/
PART
Xkome too
PART
nyE.
yesterday
‘Kofi bought only beans yesterday.’
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 20 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome pE
kome → is analysed as a CF pE → is a generalized quantifier
omo (rice)
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
2. *(omo kome) pE
There are no atomic elements in the above structure that can be picked up by the CFdenoted by kome ⇒ kome pE cannot modify mass nouns
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 21 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome pE
kome → is analysed as a CF pE → is a generalized quantifier
omo (rice)
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
2. *(omo kome) pE
There are no atomic elements in the above structure that can be picked up by the CFdenoted by kome ⇒ kome pE cannot modify mass nouns
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 21 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome pE
kome → is analysed as a CF pE → is a generalized quantifier
1. *omo kome
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
2. *(omo kome) pE
There are no atomic elements in the above structure that can be picked up by the CFdenoted by kome ⇒ kome pE cannot modify mass nouns
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 21 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome pE
kome → is analysed as a CF pE → is a generalized quantifier
1. *omo kome
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
2. *(omo kome) pE
There are no atomic elements in the above structure that can be picked up by the CFdenoted by kome ⇒ kome pE cannot modify mass nouns
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 21 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome pE
kome → is analysed as a CF pE → is a generalized quantifier
1. *omo kome
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
2. *(omo kome) pE
There are no atomic elements in the above structure that can be picked up by the CFdenoted by kome ⇒ kome pE cannot modify mass nouns
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 21 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that incorporates ‘↑’
1. omo
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
2. (omo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up a group formed by ‘↑’ ⇒mass nouns can be modified by kome too
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 22 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that incorporates ‘↑’
1. omo
f⊕g⊕h
f⊕g f⊕h g⊕h
... ......
2. (omo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up a group formed by ‘↑’ ⇒mass nouns can be modified by kome too
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 22 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that incorporates ‘↑’
1. omo too
↑(f⊕g⊕h)
↑(f⊕g) ↑(f⊕h) ↑(g⊕h)
... ......
2. (omo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up a group formed by ‘↑’ ⇒mass nouns can be modified by kome too
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 22 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that incorporates ‘↑’
1. omo too
↑(f⊕g⊕h)
↑(f⊕g) ↑(f⊕h) ↑(g⊕h)
... ......
2. (omo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up a group formed by ‘↑’ ⇒mass nouns can be modified by kome too
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 22 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that incorporates ‘↑’
1. omo too
↑(f⊕g⊕h)
↑(f⊕g) ↑(f⊕h) ↑(g⊕h)
... ......
2. (omo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up a group formed by ‘↑’ ⇒mass nouns can be modified by kome too
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 22 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Mass nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that incorporates ‘↑’
1. omo too
↑(f⊕g⊕h)
↑(f⊕g) ↑(f⊕h) ↑(g⊕h)
... ......
2. (omo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up a group formed by ‘↑’ ⇒mass nouns can be modified by kome too
kome pE kome too
mass nouns − only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 22 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome pE/kome too
(20) Kofi
K.
he
bought
atomo
potato
X kome pE/
PART
Xkome too
PART
nyE.
yesterday
‘Kofi bought only 1 potato/ only potato(s) yesterday.’
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 23 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome pE/kome too
(20) Kofi
K.
he
bought
atomo
potato
X kome pE/
PART
Xkome too
PART
nyE.
yesterday
‘Kofi bought only 1 potato/ only potato(s) yesterday.’
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 23 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome pE
kome → is analysed as a CF pE → is a generalized quantifier
1. atomo
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
2. (atomo kome) pE
PE scopes over kome, we obtain the reading that everything that Kofi ate was one atomicpotato.
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 24 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome pE
kome → is analysed as a CF pE → is a generalized quantifier
1. atomo
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
2. (atomo kome) pE
PE scopes over kome, we obtain the reading that everything that Kofi ate was one atomicpotato.
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 24 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome pE
kome → is analysed as a CF pE → is a generalized quantifier
1. atomo kome
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
2. (atomo kome) pE
PE scopes over kome, we obtain the reading that everything that Kofi ate was one atomicpotato.
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 24 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome pE
kome → is analysed as a CF pE → is a generalized quantifier
1. atomo kome
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
2. (atomo kome) pE
PE scopes over kome, we obtain the reading that everything that Kofi ate was one atomicpotato.
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 24 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome pE
kome → is analysed as a CF pE → is a generalized quantifier
1. atomo kome
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
2. (atomo kome) pE
PE scopes over kome, we obtain the reading that everything that Kofi ate was one atomicpotato.
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 24 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that works as ‘↑’
1. atomo
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
2. (atomo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up any group of any cardinality⇒ we obtain the reading: only potato(s) (of unknown cardinality)
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 25 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that works as ‘↑’
1. atomo
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
2. (atomo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up any group of any cardinality⇒ we obtain the reading: only potato(s) (of unknown cardinality)
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 25 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that works as ‘↑’
1. atomo too
↑(a⊕b⊕c)
↑(a⊕b) ↑(a⊕c) ↑(b⊕c)
a cb
2. (atomo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up any group of any cardinality⇒ we obtain the reading: only potato(s) (of unknown cardinality)
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 25 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that works as ‘↑’
1. atomo too
↑(a⊕b⊕c)
↑(a⊕b) ↑(a⊕c) ↑(b⊕c)
a cb
2. (atomo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up any group of any cardinality⇒ we obtain the reading: only potato(s) (of unknown cardinality)
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 25 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that works as ‘↑’
1. atomo too
↑(a⊕b⊕c)
↑(a⊕b) ↑(a⊕c) ↑(b⊕c)
a cb
2. (atomo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up any group of any cardinality⇒ we obtain the reading: only potato(s) (of unknown cardinality)
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 25 / 34
Interaction — analysis
Intermediate nouns and kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that works as ‘↑’
1. atomo too
↑(a⊕b⊕c)
↑(a⊕b) ↑(a⊕c) ↑(b⊕c)
a cb
2. (atomo too) kome
From the above structure, CF denoted by kome can pick up any group of any cardinality⇒ we obtain the reading: only potato(s) (of unknown cardinality)
kome pE kome too
intermediate nouns only 1 NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 25 / 34
Discussion
English quantifiers
DP〈〈e, t〉 , t〉
D〈〈e, t〉 , 〈〈e, t〉 , t〉〉
NP〈e, t〉
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 26 / 34
Discussion
Quantifiers in St’at’imcets (Matthewson 2001)
QP〈〈e, t〉 , t〉
Q〈e, 〈〈e, t〉 , t〉〉
DP〈e〉
D〈〈e, t〉 , e〉
NP〈e, t〉
Ga exclusive particles can be analysed in the analogical way!
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 27 / 34
Discussion
Quantifiers in St’at’imcets (Matthewson 2001)
QP〈〈e, t〉 , t〉
Q〈e, 〈〈e, t〉 , t〉〉
DP〈e〉
D〈〈e, t〉 , e〉
NP〈e, t〉
Ga exclusive particles can be analysed in the analogical way!
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 27 / 34
Discussion
QP〈〈e, t〉 , t〉
Q〈e, 〈〈e, t〉 , t〉〉
pE
DP〈e〉
D〈〈e, t〉 , e〉
kome
NP〈e, t〉
atomo
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 28 / 34
Summary
Summary:
traditional distinction between count and mass nouns is an insufficienttool for describing the semantics of common nouns in Ga
there are 3 types of common nouns in Ga:
singular and plural count nounsmass nounsintermediate nouns
three types of common nouns interact in the unexpected ways with theexclusive particles:
kome kome pE kome too too pE
sg. count nouns 1 NP only 1 NP only (1) NP only NP only NPmass nouns − − only NP only NP only NPintermed. nouns 1 NP only 1 NP only NP only NP only NP
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 29 / 34
Thank you very much!
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 30 / 34
Appendix
Sg count nouns and kome pE/kome too
(21) Kofi
K.
he
bought
wolo
book
X kome pE/
PART
X kome too nyE.
PART yesterday
‘Kofi bought only (one) book yesterday.’
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 31 / 34
Appendix
Singular count nouns and kome pE/ kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that works as ‘↑’pE → generalized quantifier’
1. wolo
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 32 / 34
Appendix
Singular count nouns and kome pE/ kome too
kome → is analysed as a CF too → particle that works as ‘↑’pE → generalized quantifier’
1. wolo
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
a cb
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 32 / 34
Appendix
Interaction with the plural count nouns
(22) Priscilla
P.
he
bought
sEii
chairs
*kome pE/
PART
Xkome too
PART
nyE.
yesterday
‘Priscilla bought only chairs yesterday.’
sEii pE
a⊕b⊕c
a⊕b a⊕c b⊕c
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 33 / 34
Appendix
Interaction with the plural count nouns
(22) Priscilla
P.
he
bought
sEii
chairs
*kome pE/
PART
Xkome too
PART
nyE.
yesterday
‘Priscilla bought only chairs yesterday.’
sEii too
↑(a⊕b⊕c)
↑(a⊕b) ↑(a⊕c) ↑(b⊕c)
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 33 / 34
References
References:
Chierchia, G. (1998), Reference to Kinds across Languages, In NLS, 6: 339–504Kratzer, A. (1998), Scope or Pseudoscope? Are there Wide-Scope Indefinites?, InRothstein, S. (eds.), Events and GrammarLandman, F. (1989), Groups I, In L&P, 12.5: 559–605Link, G. (1983), The Logical Analysis of Plural and Mass Nouns: A Lattice-theoreticApproach. In Bauerle, E. et al. (eds.), Meaning, Use, and Interpretation of Language,302–323Matthewson, L. (2001), Quantification and the nature of crosslinguistic variation, In NLS,9: 141-189
Wilhelm, A., (2008), Bare Nouns and Number in Dene Su line, In NLS, 16: 39–68.
Renans (Uni Potsdam, SFB 632) CountWorkshop 34 / 34
top related