u nderstanding the w orld a round u s ps200 introduction to cognitive psychology kaplan university...
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UNDERSTANDING THE WORLD AROUND USPS200 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
Kaplan University
Brian Kelley, M.A., LPC
BASIC ISSUES IN PERCEPTION
Sensation The physiological processes that underlie
information intake
Perception The processes involved in the organization and
interpretation of sensations
BASIC ISSUES IN PERCEPTION Bottom-Up Processing
Influences of information inherent in a stimulus on perception “data-driven” processing
Top-Down Processing Influences of knowledge and expectation on
perception “conceptually-driven” processing
Constructed or Direct? Constructive View
Perceptions are “built” (i.e., constructed) Mix of stimulus info, expectations, knowledge
Direct View Perceptions are based on uninterpreted information Taken directly from environment
BASIC TASKS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION Gestalt psychologists proposed principles of
visual organization: Similarity
Proximity
Good continuation/Continuity
Closure
Common fate
Common region
Synchrony
BASIC TASKS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION
Gestalt psychologists proposed principles of organization: Similarity
similar regions are perceived as belonging to the same object
Proximity objects close together are grouped together
Good continuation/Continuity edges or contours with same orientation,
group together Closure
fill in missing elements Common fate
elements that move together are seen as parts of single moving object
Common Region belong to a common designated area
Synchrony group elements that occur at the same time
X
BASIC TASKS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION
Figure-ground The tendency to segregate scenes into figures
against a background Regions designated as figure tend to be:
Smaller Symmetrical Meaningful Lower in the scene
BASIC TASKS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION
Figure-ground The tendency to segregate scenes into figures
against a background Regions designated as figure tend to be:
Smaller Symmetrical Meaningful Lower in the scene
BASIC TASKS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION
Global Precedence We tend to notice wholes before parts Notice the “forest” before the “trees”
MULTI-SENSORY INTERACTION AND INTEGRATION
Synesthesia Input from one sensory modality is experienced
in another Strong synesthesia
Example: experiencing a smell as “pointy”
Weak synesthesia Linguistic in nature Example: Labeling colors as “cool” or “warm”
PERCEPTUAL PROCESSING AND ATTENTION - VISUAL
Visual attention is limited
Two models of visual attention: Spatial Attention
Paying attention to regions of space Attention as a “spotlight”
Object-Based Attention Paying attention to selected objects
PERCEPTUAL PROCESSING AND ATTENTION - VISUAL
Attentional Capture A stimulus involuntarily captures visual attention Implicit: Changes some aspect of behavior Explicit: Leads to a conscious attention switch
Inattentional blindness Failure to notice obvious change in visual scene Sometimes termed “change blindness” Simon and Chabris (1999)
Subjects watched and attended to a video Over ½ failed to notice bizarre event
PERCEPTUAL PROCESSING AND ATTENTION - AUDITORY
Auditory attention is limited
Some conceive of attention as a gateway We must select what receives attention Studied with dichotic listening and speech
shadowing How do we attend?
PERCEPTUAL PROCESSING AND ATTENTION - AUDITORY
Early Selection Unattended information filtered after sensory analysis
Can’t account for detection and identification of unattended channel info “cocktail party phenomenon”
PERCEPTUAL PROCESSING AND ATTENTION - AUDITORY
Attenuation TheoryUnattended information
“turned down”Salient info noticed
Late SelectionAll information
proceeds to a late stage of analysis
Selection made at response stage
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