understanding reference models and reference architectures
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Understanding
Reference Models and
Reference Architectures
Armstrong Process Group, Inc.www.aprocessgroup.com
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
Reference Architectures
SATURN 2014
Software Architecture Conference
Portland, Oregon
Objectives
� Discuss industry standard best practices regarding how to use reference models for categorizing architecture content for different purposes
� Planning, lifecycle management, gap analysis and enterprise-wide alignment
� Discuss how reference architectures are used
2
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
� Discuss how reference architectures are used
� And how they different, but related to reference models
� How they relate to architecture/solution building blocks (per TOGAF)
� Review conceptual metamodel representing these concepts
About APG
� APG’s mission is to
“Align information technology and systems engineering capabilities with business strategy using proven, practical
processes delivering world-class results.”
� Industry thought leader in enterprise architecture, business modeling, process improvement, systems and software engineering, requirements management, and agile methods
3
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
engineering, requirements management, and agile methods
� Member and contributor to� UML, SysML, SPEM, UPDM at the Object Management Group (OMG)
� TOGAF and ArchiMate at The Open Group
� Eclipse Process Framework (EPF) at the Eclipse Foundation
� Sparx Systems Value-Added Reseller
� IBM Advanced Business Partner
SEI Definitions
� Reference model
� A division of functionality into elements together with the
data flow among those elements
� Reference architecture
� A reference model mapped onto software elements that
implements the functionality defined in the reference model
4
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
implements the functionality defined in the reference model
Software Engineering Institute
Software Architecture Glossary
TOGAF Definitions
� The terms reference architecture and reference model are not used carefully in most literature
� “Reference architecture” and “reference model” have the same relationship as “architecture” and “model”
� Either can exist as either generic or an organization-specific state
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SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
state
� Typically, generic reference architectures provide architecture team with an outline of their organization-specific reference architecture that will be customized for a specific organization
� Does also incorporate OASIS SOA RM definition
TOGAF 9.1 Architecture Repository
Reference Library (41.3.1)
Reference Model – OASIS
� An abstract framework for understanding significant relationships among the entities of some environment� For development of consistent standards or specifications
supporting that environment
� Consists of minimal set of unifying concepts, axioms and relationships within particular problem domain� Independent of specific standards, technologies,
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SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
� Independent of specific standards, technologies, implementations, or other concrete details
� OASIS Reference Model for SOA [SOA-RM] provides common language for understanding important features of SOA� Does not address the issues involved in constructing, using or
owning a SOA-based system
OASIS Reference Model for
Service Oriented Architecture v1.0
Reference Model – FEA
� Structure which allows modules and interfaces of a system to be described in consistent manner
� Abstract framework for understanding significant relationships among entities of some environment� For development of consistent standards or specifications
supporting that environment
� Based on small number of unifying concepts
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SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
� Based on small number of unifying concepts� May be used as basis for education and explaining standards to
non-specialist
� Not directly tied to any standards, technologies or other concrete implementation details� Does seek to provide common semantics that can be used
unambiguously across and between different implementations
Federal Enterprise Architecture
Consolidated Reference Model v2.3
OASIS SOA Reference Model – Service Description8
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
OASIS Reference Model for
Service Oriented Architecture v1.0
EA TRM – Areas and Categories 9
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
EA TRM – Technology Component Catalog10
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
EA TRM – Technology Area11
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
US Department of Veterans Affairs TRM12
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
VA TRM Entry – JBoss AS13
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
OMB Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA)14
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
� Equips OMB and Federal agencies with common language and framework� Describe and analyze investments
� Enhance collaboration
� Transform Federal government
� Consists of set of interrelated “reference models”� Comprise framework for describing important elements of federal agency operations
� Agency investments can be better managed and leveraged across federal government
Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) v2.3
U.S. White House, Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
FEA – Service Reference Model (SRM)15
� Aids in recommending service capabilities to support reuse of business components and services across federal government
� Service domains� Customer Services
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
� Customer Services
� Process Automation
� Business Management Services
� Digital Asset Services
� Business Analytical Services
� Back Office Services
� Support Services
Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) v2.3
U.S. White House, Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
TOGAF Enterprise Continuum16
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
TOGAF Enterprise Repositories17
SolutionsSolutions
Architecture Repository
Architecture Metamodel
Content Metamodel
External
Reference
Models
External
Reference
Models
Architecture
Landscape
Architecture
Landscape
Strategic
Architectures
Reference Library
Segment
Architectures
Reference
Architectures
Reference Models
Templates
Viewpoint Library
Operations
Repository
Operations
Repository
Infrastructure
Development Method
TOGAF Architecture Repository
www.aprocessgroup.com
View
in ATPL
Reference
models
adopted by
enterprise
Deploys
solutions
Enables
execution
Standards are
Adopted
by the
enterprise
Enables
Best practice
creates
reference
architectures
Standards have
reference
Arti facts in landscape are
structured according to
framework
Operational
Building
BlocksArchitecture
Building
Blocks
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
Requirements
Repository
Requirements
Repository
Solutions
Repository
Solutions
Repository
Architecture
Board
Architecture
Board
External
Standards
External
Standards
Standards Information
Base
Standards Information
Base
Governance Log
Architecture Capability
Capability
Architectures
Business Standards
Data Standards
Application Standards
Technology Standards
Decision Log
Calendar
Capability
Assessments
Compliance
Assessments
Performance
MeasurementProject Portfolio
Skills
Repository
Organization
Structure
Architecture
Charter
Products
Solution Building
Blocks
Strategic
Requirements
Segment
Requirements
Capability
Requirements
Business
outcomes
delivered
Drivers for
enterprise
Standards are
complied with
Enables
enterprise
Steers and
manages
capabil ity
reference
implementationsStandards
adopted by
enterprise
Best practice
creates
standards
Visibi li ty
and
escalation
Compliance is governed
Landscape
is governed
Solution
Building
Blocks
Blocks
Reference Model – Conceptual Metamodel 18
Model
Reference Model
Name :Text
Type :RM Model Type
Domain of
Interest
«enumerati...
RM Model Type
Ontology
Metamodel
Taxonomy
«enumerati...
Abstraction Level
Abstract
Concrete
Instance
Quality Attribute
Model
Content Model
Name :Text
Level :Abstraction Level
Model User :User
RM Usage
Type :RM Usage Type
«enumerati...
RM Usage Type
Mapping
Categorize
Gap Analysis
1..*
0..*
Children 0..*
Parent 0..1
Children 0..*
0..*
1
0..*0..*
0..*
1..*
1..*Assigns CMAssigned to
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
RM Element
ID :Text
Name :Text
Description :Text
Level :Abstraction Level
Is Assignable :Yes/No
Is Managed :Yes/No
/Is Leaf :Yes/No
RM RelationshipManaged Model Element
Owner :Organization Unit
Manager :Person
Status :Lifecycle State
Building Block
Architecture
Building Block
Solution Building
Block
Operational
Building Block
Quality Attribute Value
Type :Quality Attribute
CM Element
Is Managed :Yes/NoCM Relationship
Lifecycle Model
Lifecycle State
1..*
0..1 0..1
Parent 0..1
Related To
10..*Related From
10..*
1..*
0..* 0..* 0..* 0..*
0..*
1..*
Related To
1 0..*
Related From
1 0..*
Assigns CM
Elements
0..*
Assigned to
RM Elements
0..*
1
0..*
Reference Architecture – OASIS Definition
� An architectural design pattern that indicates how an abstract set of elements and relationships realizes predetermined set of requirements in domain of interest� Independent of technologies, protocols, and products that are used to
implement specific solutions
� Differs from reference model in that reference models describe important concepts and relationships in the domain
� Shows more complete picture that includes showing what is
19
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
� Shows more complete picture that includes showing what is involved in realizing the modeled entities� Independent of particular solution but instead applies to class of
solutions
� Possible to define at many levels of detail or abstraction for different purposes� Not a concrete architecture, depending on requirements being
addressed by the reference architecture
� Generally will not completely specify all the technologies, components and their relationships in sufficient detail to enable direct implementation
OASIS Reference Architecture Foundation for
Service Oriented Architecture v1.0
OASIS RA-RM Context20
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
OASIS Reference Model for
Service Oriented Architecture v1.0
OASIS RA – Social Structure21
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
OASIS Reference Model for
Service Oriented Architecture v1.0
Open Group SOA Reference Architecture22
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reservedOpen Group SOA Reference Architecture
OG SOA RA – Operational Layer Elements23
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reservedOpen Group SOA Reference Architecture
OG SOA RA – Operational Layer – Relationships 24
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reservedOpen Group SOA Reference Architecture
Architecture Description Standard25
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reservedISO/IEC 42010:2011 (f/k/a IEEE 1471)
Reference Configuration – Conceptual Metamodel26
Reference Configuration
Type :RC Type
Architecture
Description
Principle
Name :Text
Statement :Text
Rationale :Text
Implications :Text
Requirement
Goal
Quality AttributeContent Model
Name :Text
Level :Abstraction Level
Model User :User
RC Usage
Type :RC Usage Type
0..*
Children 0..*
Parent 0..10..*
0..*0..* 0..*
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
«enumeration»
RC Type
Architecture
Design
Implementation
Requirement
RC ElementRC Relationship
RM Element
«enumerati...
RC Usage Type
Conformance
Derive
Instantiate
CM Element
Is Managed :Yes/No Quality Attribute Value
Type :Quality Attribute
0..*
Related From
10..*
Related To
10..*
0..*
Assigns CM
Elements
0..*
Assigned to RM
Elements
0..*
1..*
0..*
Conclusion
� Reference models used to represent properties of elements in a domain of interest
� Reference architectures represent configurations of reference model elements created to address specific requirements based on specific set of principles� Could be considered a set of patterns or a pattern language
27
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
� Content model elements can be mapped to reference model elements for categorization/organization purposes� Sometimes used for managing/governing groups of related
content model elements
� Content model elements can be configured instantiations of reference architectures
28
Q&A
Thanks for your attention
and participation!
http://www.aprocessgroup.com
SATURN 2014 – Understanding Reference Models and Reference Architectures
Copyright © 1998-2014, Armstrong Process Group, Inc., All rights reserved
and participation!
"APG", the APG logo, "proven practical process" (and its graphic representation), ATPL, EA-In-A-Box are trademarks of Armstrong Process Group,
Inc.
The Open Group, The Open Group Architecture Framework, TOGAF, and ArchiMate are trademarks or registered trademarks of The Open Group in
the United States and other countries.
Object Management Group, OMG, Model Driven Architecture, MDA, OMG SysML, Unified Modeling Language, and UML are trademarks or registered
trademarks of the Object Management Group, Inc. in the United States and other countries.
Sparx Systems and Enterprise Architect are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sparx Systems Pty Ltd.
Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.
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