unit 1: energy outline science 8
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UNIT 1: ENERGY
SCIENCE 8
NOTE PACKET #2 MS. GILL
Stop Monkey-N-ing around and
Go Green already! P.S. I’m Mookie the
Monkey
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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Vocabulary: Absorption Conduction Convection Condensation Electricity Electromagnetic Spectrum Energy Energy Transformations Environment Equilibrium Forms of Energy Freezing Frequency Gas Geothermal Global Warming Green House Affect Green House Gases Heat Joules Kinetic Law of Conservation of Mass & Energy Light Liquid Matter
Did you know… A piece of buttered toast contains about 315 kilojoules (315,000 joules) of energy. With that energy you could: -jog for 6 minutes -Bicycle for 10 minutes -Walk briskly for 15 minutes -Sleep for 1.5 hours -Run a car for 7 seconds at 50 miles per hour -Light a 60 watt light bulb for 1.5 hours.
Mechanical Medium Melting Non-Renewable Resources Nuclear Phase Change Potential Radiation Reflection Refraction Renewable Resources Scattering Solid Solar Sound Specific Heat Stored Mechanical Temperature Thermal Transmission Vaporization Wavelength Work
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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Name:________________________________ Period:_________ Date:____________________
B. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY
A. WHAT IS ENERGY?
Energy is the ability to do ________________
Work occurs when a _____________ causes an object to ___________ in the same direction as the force.
THERMAL: The total ________ energy of the particles in matter. (Molecular motion)
GEOTHERMAL: Heat energy STORED within the ___________. Ex: Volcanic eruptions, geysers
CHEMICAL: Energy STORED in chemical ____ that can be released. Ex: food, fossil fuels, battery acid
NUCLEAR: Energy STORED in the ________ (center) of an atom. Ex: nuclear bombs
MECHNICAL: Energy with which ______ objects perform work. Ex: Wind, flowing water, using a hammer
SOUND: A type of mechanical energy. It is the energy produced when objects ________. Ex: tuning fork, bell
ELECTRICITY: A form of energy produced by the _____________ of ______________
SOLAR: All forms of energy that come from the ______
STORED MECHANICAL ENERGY: Stored energy due to a change in the shape of an object. Ex: _______________
LIGHT: A form of _______ energy that moves in a __________ Ex: lamp, stars
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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C. All forms of energy can be classified as Kinetic or potential. The two basic states of energy. So, what’s the difference?
POTENTIAL ENERGY:
1) Potential energy is stored energy due to and object’s __________________ 2) An object that is lifted from its position on Earth has gravitational potential Energy which depends on ______________ and mass 3) Massive objects have _________________ potential energy than less massive objects 4) An object at a higher elevation will have _______________ potential energy than an object at a lower elevation
KINETIC ENERGY:
1)Kinetic is energy of _________________ 2) Kinetic depends on the __________________ and the _____________________ of an object. 3) Faster objects have ____________________ kinetic energy than slower objects.
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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D. Energy Transformations: The law of conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed it simply changes form. Energy has always existed in one form or another! This law is also true of mass!
The exchange of energy will stop when EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED, and both source and sink
are the same temperature. Unusable Energy: very often during the energy transformation process, some __________ energy is
produced due to friction. This is wasted energy and is lost to the environment.
Law of conservation of Mass and Energy: Mass/ NRG ____________
Mass/ NRG ______________
Mass/ Energy can only __________
During energy changes, if one body is losing energy, the other is __________________ energy. During energy changes, the total energy __________________________________. Energy always flows from _______________ to _______________ (source to sink)
Figure 2: Energy is flowing from _________ to ____________
Figure 1: Energy is flowing from _________ to ____________
Examples of Energy Changes: -Energy in a flashlight’s batteries becomes light energy when the flashlight is turned on. -Food is stored energy, when your body uses that energy to do work it becomes kinetic energy. - A television changes electrical energy into light and sound energy
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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E. Methods Of Energy transfer Energy moves from regions of _________ concentration to ________ concentrations of
energy, from ______________ to ____________.
There are 3 methods of Energy Transfer : ____________________, ____________________ & _____________________.
Method of transfer
Explanation of transfer Best medium for energy transfer
Examples
Conduction
Direct contact (touch) Molecule To Molecule Conduction is a form of energy transfer by direct _________ of molecules
Conduction occurs fastest in _______ __________ are the best conductors of he heat energy.
*Touching a hot surface *Electricity
Convection
Energy transfer due to density differences Convection is a form of heat transfer that occurs by up and down motions of a _______ differences in ______
Occurs ONLY in _____ which are liquids and gases!
*Hot air or water rising *Volcanoes *Lava lamp
Radiation
Radiation is the transfer of heat in _____. Electromagnetic (EM) waves that move through a vacuum (empty space) Electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of ______.
No medium needed
*Gamma *X-rays *UV *Visible *Infrared *Microwave *Radio
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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F. Heat Notes 1. HEAT: the energy of moving __________
2. HOT OBJECTS contain __________ heat than cold ones
3. All objects above __________ contain heat
4. Heat always flows from hot objects to cold objects until the both reach the _____ temperature.
5. The greater the difference in temperature between them, the _________ heat is transferred. HOW IS HEAT TRANSFERRED BETWEEN OBJECTS? Name that type of heat transfer! Measuring Energy: Energy can be measures in many different ways. Typical units include: ________________________, _________________, & ___________________
Figure 1: ________________
Figure 2: ________________
Figure 3: _______________
The term “Joule” is named after English Scientist James Prescott Joule who lived from 1818 to 1889. He discovered that Heat is a type of Energy! 1,000 joules =1 kilojoule= 1 Btu
Did you know… Jumping into a pool on a hot summer day is refreshing because the water is cooler than the air around you and the ground under your feet. You may wonder why the water is cooler since the water, air, and ground are being heated by the same source- the Sun. One reason is that it takes more heat energy to raise the temperature of some substances than others. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius is called the specific heat of that substance. Water has a specific heat of 4.18 meaning it take 4.18 Joules of energy to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. This value is high compared to the specific heats for other materials, such as various rocks or metals. Note the scientific unit for energy is the Joule.
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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G. Phases of Matter:
Matter is ___________________________________________________________
On Earth, matter exists in three states _________, ____________& ____________
Phase Changes: Changes in states of matter result from changes in energy, specifically “heat energy.” Consider the weightlifter, to push up the weights & lift them up requires energy… So to push molecules apart also requires energy. Look at the molecules in the boxes above and then complete the statements below. If you have to separate molecules write “put in energy,” if molecules are coming together then write “give off energy.” 1. As you go from solid to liquid, you must ____________________________________. 2. As you go from liquid to solid, you must ____________________________________. 3. As you go from liquid to gas, you must _____________________________________. 4. As you go from gas to liquid, you must _____________________________________.
What are the phase changes called?
Particle Arrangement
Motion (Kinetic Energy)
How is it bonded?
Does it have a define shape?
Volume?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Solid Liquid
Gas
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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H. Phase Change Diagram of Water
The energy stored in the phase change process is called:
________________________
There is NO temperature change during a phase change.
-Remember, as you change states of matter, its all about energy!
-The law of conservation of Energy
states that energy is neither created of destroyed it simply changes form.
-Therefore, going form solid to liquid
you put energy in (ENERGY IS ABSORBED) and then when you reverse the process and go from liquid back to solid, you get the
energy back! (ENERGY IS RELEASED)
Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
New York State Fossil
1617
1819
2021
2223
2425
151
23
45
67
89
1011
1213
14cm
2010 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.
The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov
Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis
Gradient =change in field value
distance
Density =mass
volume
Rate of change =change in value
time
Equations
RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE
DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)
Carbon-14
Potassium-40
Uranium-238
Rubidium-87
C14
K40
U238
Rb87
N14
Pb206
Sr87
5.7 ! 103
1.3 ! 109
4.5 ! 109
4.9 ! 1010
Ar40
Ca40
Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data
Properties of Water
Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)
Liquid water 4.18Solid water (ice) 2.11Water vapor 2.00Dry air 1.01Basalt 0.84Granite 0.79Iron 0.45Copper 0.38Lead 0.13
ELEMENT(symbol)
CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume
Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42Nitrogen (N) 78.0Hydrogen (H) 66.0Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0
Eurypterus remipes
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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Waves: Waves are disturbances that transfer energy from place to place. If you throw a stone into a
pond, circular waves move along the surface since some of the stones kinetic energy was transferred.
The substance through which waves travel is called a medium. This can be solid, liquid or gas.
Light does not need a medium it can travel through empty space called a vacuum.
There are two types of waves: Transverse and Compressional.
Sound Energy: Sound waves are compressional and they need a medium to travel through. When sound travels through air its vibrates the air molecules until it reaches your ear and then it vibrates the bones and tissues of your ear. Sound waves are much slower than light waves. This is why you see lighting before your hear thunder. Light waves are transverse.
Compressional
Transverse
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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I. Electromagnetic Energy Notes The Earth is always trying to achieve ____________________________. Therefore, energy is constantly being re-distributed flowing from ________________ to ______________. The Earth receives energy from two sources: ________________ & ___________________ All matter radiates some __________________________________________________ The sun emits energy in ______ wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. (ESRT pg. 14)
Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
Visible light
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength
(Not drawn to scale)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
DRY
60° SWET
DRYS.E.
N.W.Winds
30° S
0°
60° N
30° N
WET
DRY
S.E.Winds
N.E.Winds
N.E.
S.W.Winds
DRY
Tropopause
Polar front
Polar front jet stream
Subtropicaljet streams
Polar front jet stream
WET
Sea Level
Alti
tude
Temperature Zones
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Temperature(°C)
–100° 0° 100°–90° –55° 15°
Pressure(atm)
Atmospheric Pressure
0 20 40
Concentration(g/m3)
WaterVapor
km mi
Thermosphere(extends to 600 km)
0 1.0
40 25
80 50
120 75
160 100
0 0
Tropopause
14 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere
The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of anequinox. The locations shift somewhatwith the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.
(Not drawn to scale)
Selected Properties of
Earth’sAtmosphere
Each type of energy differs in its _________________________. A wavelength is the distance between two crests of the wave.
Frequency is defined as a number of cycles per unit time.
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes
J. Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy & the Environment:
Earth
Sun
1. _______________________UV absorbed by the ozone, infrared absorbed by carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide. Good absorbers are good re-radiators! 2. _______________________ by clouds, ice, snow and water 3. ____________________ by aerosols, water droplets, ice crystals, pollutants, dust, pollen 4. _______________________ light is bent as it moves through varied densities 5. _______________________ when energy passes straight through a medium Less than __________________ of the incoming solar radiation is received by the Earth.
The Sun gives off light and heat in the form of _________________ and __________________ electromagnetic energy. However, the short wavelengths (dangerous UV radiation, gamma rays & x-rays) are mostly absorbed by the ozone so they don’t reach earth’s surface. The ozone layer is found in the ____________________ layer of the atmosphere. Visible light passes through earth’s atmosphere with the greatest intensity. Less than half of the incoming solar radiation is received by the earth’s surface. The energy that does get through our atmosphere is absorbed by earths surface. The earth’s surface in turn reradiates the energy in the form of heat called ________________ radiation.
Surface properties of the Earth & Absorption of Energy: 1. Color: Light (white) reflects & dark (black) absorbs Example: Pavement warms before grassy lawns. 2. Texture: Rough surface absorbs & smooth surface reflects Example: Snow and Ice reflect Insolation and remain cold.
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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K. The Green House Affect What is Global Warming? An ___________ in the Earth’s Average surface air temperature. You might often hear about the green house affect and its association with Global Warming. In the atmosphere, CO2, Methane and H2O, (the greenhouse gases) act like the glass in the greenhouse by trapping heat. These gases very similar manner as the glass sides and roof of a greenhouse keep in heat. Let’s see how this works… Without some greenhouse gases, the Earth would be too _____________ for us to survive. But an overload of greenhouse gases creates a problem as well! How does too much CO2 contribute to Global warming? _______________________________ What human activities contribute to CO2 production and an increase in the greenhouse effect? _________________________________________________________________________
Short wave radiation like ___________ passes through the glass of a greenhouse and is _______________ by the objects inside the greenhouse. These objects __________________ the energy as ____________________, which get reflected back into the greenhouse and warms the air.
In Earth’s atmosphere, there are many gases that act like the glass of a greenhouse and ________ long-wave radiation, keeping it in the Earth’s Atmosphere. Therefore, holding that heat in the atmosphere and raising the global temperature. These are known as ______________________. They include water vapor, CFCs, Ozone, Methane Gas and Carbon dioxide.
Earth
If present trends continue possible effects may include: -Rising sea levels due to melting polar ice caps; -Increasing frequency and severity of storms and hurricanes; -More frequent heat waves and droughts; and -Relocation of major crop growing areas.
Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
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L. Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources.
What is an Non-Renewable Resource? An energy resource that is ___________________________________________________________________ Examples: __________________ __________________ __________________ To make our non-renewable resources last longer we can __________________ __________________ __________________
What is a Renewable Resource? An energy resource that is __________________________________________________________ Examples: __________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ _______________ ________________ A renewable resource produces less _________ (substance that can harm living things and/or the environment
Only 7% of our energy consumption is from renewable resources!!! Try to make little changes in your life to reduce your dependence on Non-Renewable Resources! What do you plan to do? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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