unit 2 notes: john adams and thomas jefferson
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UNIT 2 NOTES:
JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON
JOHN ADAMS The biggest issue Adams will deal with
during his term will be foreign relations These are continuing issues from
Washington’s presidency Problems with Britain were obvious, but
they also began to drift towards war with France
THE ELECTION OF 1796 In 1796 American experiences their first
contested presidential election
In line with custom, neither candidate campaigned in personAlexander Hamilton lobbies Federalists to
support Thomas Pinckney because he knew he could not manipulate the morally upright John Adams
Adams wins the election and Jefferson is his VP
XYZ AFFAIR France regarded Jay’s Treaty as an American-
British Alliance
The officials were soon met by secret agents sent by the French foreign minister, not allowed to see the Directory They were identified only by Agents X, Y, and Z
They demanded a bribe of $250,000 and a $10 million loan to the French before being allowed to meet the foreign minister
Became known as the XYZ Affair
WAR WITH FRANCE – KIND OF President Adams asked Congress to
prepare for war, French responded by seizing more American ships
In April 1798, an undeclared naval war began between France and the United States in the Caribbean that lasted for a year
XYZ CLIPhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw0KcA5
9_8s
ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS The XZY affair created a surge of anti-French hostility in
America
The federalist dominated Congress used the war and Adams popularity to pass several “wartime” measures They were passed without Adams consent
Alien and Sedition Acts (1789) Series of 4 laws - First 3 directed at immigrants Fourth Act – the Sedition Act gained the most opposition It set jail terms and fines for persons who advocate disobedience to
federal law or who printed/spoke false statements about the government with intent to defame
Included: increase size of army, higher taxes to support army and navy
Used to silence Republican opposition
VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS
Republicans charged that the Acts violated the first amendment appealed to states for help But the Constitution did not outline who had the authority
to judge whether acts of Congress violated the Constitution Madison and Jefferson believed the states should make that
judgment Jefferson and James Madison proposed the Virginia
and Kentucky resolves Reminded Congress of 10th Amendment which gives
powers not mentioned in Constitution to the States Constitution was a “compact” between sovereign states
and states could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional
The resolves actually had little effect and neither state acted upon the resolutions
LOOMING ELECTION TENSIONS The election of 1800 would be unique It would be a rematch from four years
earlier John Adams vs Thomas JeffersonPresident vs Vice President
It was also another contest between Federalist who supported a strong central government and Republicans who supported state authority
ADAMS LOSES SUPPORT Adams reached his height of popularity with the
XYZ Affair However, he knew he could not keep going with the
naval war with France In seeking a peaceful resolution he angered
many Federalists, including Alexander Hamilton Many Federalists wanted a formal declaration of war
Adams sends a 2nd diplomatic mission in 1799 which helps end the conflict This loses him support from more aggressive
Federalists within his own party (Hamilton) The alien and Sedition Acts became even more
unpopular now that the threat of war was gone
THE JEFFERSON CAMPAIGN Democratic Republicans and Thomas Jefferson approached the
election of 1800 more organized and determined than in 1796
Republican Campaign: Actions of federalists were expensive, unwise, unconstitutional
When the electoral votes were counted, Jefferson and his running mate and ally, Aaron Burr had tied with 73 electoral votes
Under Article II of the Constitution, there is a procedure if two candidates are tied or do not have enough electoral votes Federalists Congress would have to decide the election between two
Republicans With support from Alexander Hamilton, The House chooses Jefferson as
President after a close vote
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson
So Far………
JOHN ADAMS IN REVIEW http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqAt
8A0W204&feature=related
JEFFERSON’S AGENDA Thomas Jefferson entered office with a
straight forward agenda:Reduce the influence, size, and expense of
the National Government To do this he reversed much of what Federalists
had done This began with his personal style He did not want to destroy federal
government or undo everything federalists had done, he just wanted to limit the national government’s presence in people’s lives
REDUCING GOVERNMENT Government:
Cut taxes & reduced federal bureaucracy Made the most substantial cuts in the
military
Repealed the parts of Alien and Sedition Acts that had not expired
During his administration the national debt fell from $80 million to $57 million
THE MIDNIGHT JUDGES The most controversial part of Jefferson’s first term
was his relationship with the Supreme Court The Constitution did not fully explain the role of the
Supreme Court Judiciary Acts (1789) help fill in the gaps
Judiciary Act of 1801 was aimed to limit Jefferson’s ability to appoint judges It decreased number of Supreme Court justices and
increased number of federal judges President John Adams quickly filled these positions
before he left office These last minute appointments were known as the
midnight judges
JOHN MARSHALL One of the last minute judicial
appointments was John MarshallHe was sworn in as Chief Justice on Feb. 4th,
1801Served that post for 34 years until death in
1835Helped build the authority of the Supreme
CourtCommitted to federalists idea of national
power
MARBURY V. MADISON (1803) Case arose when Jefferson tried to deny
the appointments of Federal judges appointed by AdamsAdams had appointed William Marbury as
justice of the peace in D.C.Under orders from Jefferson, Secretary of State
James Madison never delivered the official papers assigning Marbury to duty
Marbury sued Madison, demanding that the Supreme Court let him take office
Although the Supreme Court, which had a Federalist majority, denied Marbury, also a Federalist, his commission (appointment to
become a judge), the Court established a far more important principle.
•THE SUPREME COURT INTERPRETS WHAT THE CONSTITUTION MEANS AND
CAN DECLARE A LAW UNCONSTITUTIONAL WHICH IS CALLED JUDICIAL REVIEW.
•THE CONSTITUTION IS THE SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND AND THE NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT IS OVER THE STATES.
JUDICIAL REVIEW http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwVz
El0Rqas
JEFFERSON’S PROGRAM IN THE WEST As a strict constructionist, Jefferson
opposed strong central government However, the westward expansion of
America would cause Jefferson to use federal powers
•Great Britain after the Revolution.•United States after War•Spanish land after Revolution
Spanish Land 1800
New Orleans
•Great Britain after the Revolution.•United States after War•Spanish land
French Land in 1801
New Orleans
LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803) New Orleans was needed so the west
could have access to world markets French ruler Napoleon had gained Spanish
territory in the U.S.
Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to purchase New Orleans for $10 million Napoleon and Monroe discussed a plan to
sell the whole Louisiana Territory for $15 million
Jefferson faced a constitutional dilemma
• EFFECTS• Doubled the size of the
US• Eliminate foreign threat
on American western border
•Ensure American access to interior rivers
• Give American farmers enough land to support
the republic• Jefferson’s greatest
accomplishment• Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed.
EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATESWITH LOUISIANA PURCHASE 1803
THE ELECTION OF 1804 His policies made Jefferson an extremely
popular president in his first termLowered taxesAcquired new territoryEliminated France from AmericaBegan to wipe out a national debtAllowed Alien and Sedition Acts to expire
Jefferson easily wins re-election in 1804
Alexander Hamilton saw Burr as unprincipled and was determined to
see Burr fail Hamilton was successful as Burr
lost the election Burr believed Hamilton had gone
to far and wrote him a letter in 1804 challenging him to a dual
On July 11, 1804 Burr mortally wounded Hamilton in a dual
Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned
Burr the enmity of many
In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain
and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his ruleJefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for
treason
A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the
lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr
CODE DUELLO In 1777, a committee of Irishmen drew up the
dueling code that would come to be used widely throughout Europe and America. The 1777 Irish code was called the Code Duello, and
you can read the complete set of rules at www.pbs.org. This code was so popular that people worldwide came to see it as the "official" rules of dueling.
In fact, the U.S. Navy included the text of the Code Duello in the midshipman's handbook up until dueling by naval officers was finally banned in 1862 (Holland, pg. 142).
Highlights of the rules include the steps of an apology, might call off the duel; proper dueling etiquette in terms of dignified behavior; the role of seconds; and what constitutes the end of a duel.
FOREIGN RELATIONS AND THE WAR OF 1812
FOREIGN RELATIONS In spring 1803 Napoleon declares war on Britain
This 11 year war dominated American politics American neutrality would again be tested American attempted to trade with both countries at
the beginning of the war and is successful
In 1805 under the Essex Decision Britain decided it could seize American ships engaged in trade with France
In response in 1806 Congress passes the Non-Importation Act Forbids importation of British goods into U.S.
THE CHESAPEAKE Britain continued its policy of impressment
Hundreds of American ships were searched Britain was certain many Navy deserters were hiding in
America An estimated 6,000 Americans were impressed into the
British Navy between 1803 - 1812
Jefferson and U.S. citizens became outraged by these acts
In June 1807, Britain attacked the USS Chesapeake This set off huge anti-British movement Jefferson responded by barring British ships from American
ports
• Jefferson’s response to the
Chesapeake Affair was the Embargo
Act of 1807….• Short of war,
Jefferson attempted to defend our
neutrality by stopping all
American exports to the world.
• It last 15 months and is repealed in
March 1809
EMBARGO ACT EFFECTS The embargo ruined Jefferson’s second
term and his popularityMany Americans despised the government’s
interference in the economyFederalists gain significant ground in
winning seats to Congress Despite these issues, another
Jeffersonian Republican took office in 1808 – James Madison
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