unit 3. ph / acids and bases complete laboratory –litmus paper –ph paper –indicator solution

Unit 3

pH / Acids and Bases

• Complete Laboratory– Litmus Paper– pH Paper– Indicator Solution

Oxygen and silicon comprise approximately 75% of all the elements in Earth's crust. Together, they combine with one or more of the other six most common elements to form silicate minerals.

Earth: A Layered Planet

Read pages 196-197 of textbook

Answer Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks

Read pages 198-199 of textbook.

Answer questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Question 6: Explain four ways to identify minerals

Topic 2: The Hydrological (Water) Cycle

• Water is essential to life. Without it, the biosphere that exists on the surface of the earth wouldn't be possible. Nicknamed the "water" planet, Earth is covered by one of our most precious resources. However, almost 93% is locked in the oceans, toxic to humans and many plants and animals.

How do we obtain fresh water resources then? Where does drinkable water come from? To understand, we need to turn to the Hydrologic Cycle.

The Water Cycle

• The water (hydrologic) cycle takes place in the hydrosphere

• This is the region containing all the water in the atmosphere and on the surface of the earth. The cycle is the movement of water through this hydrosphere.

Five Components of the Water Cycle

1: Evaporation/Transpiration

2: Transport

3: Condensation

4: Precipitation

5: Infiltration/Runoff/Ground Water

5: Precipitation

Complete the Water Cycle WEBQUEST

Important Terminology The Earth's Water Budget

The distribution of water among the oceans, land and atmosphere.

Evaporation

The transformation of water from a liquid into a gas, a process which humidifies the atmosphere.

Condensation

The transformation of water from a gas into a liquid, and the processes that lead to condensation.

Transport

The movement of water through the atmosphere.

Important Terminology Precipitation

The transfer of water from the atmosphere to land. Rain, snow, hail, sleet, and freezing rain are discussed.

Groundwater

Water located below ground and how it returns to the surface.

Transpiration

Transfer of water to the atmosphere by plants and vegetation.

Runoff

Rivers, lakes, and streams transport water from land to the oceans. Too much rainfall can cause excess runoff, or flooding.

Water Facts

– Groundwater accounts for 0.612 percent of the earth's water.

• Water contained in lakes, streams and oceans may evaporate and become rain or snow. This water is also used by people and animals. – Rivers contain 0.001 percent of the earth's water. – Fresh water lakes contain 0.009 percent of the

earth's water. – Oceans contain 97.137 percent of the earth's water.

Water Facts (continued)

• Water is evaporated from bodies of water, the soil, and from vegetation. Plants take up water through their roots and release water vapor through their leaves. This water vapor forms clouds which can in turn produce precipitation. – The atmosphere contains 0.001 percent of the

earth's water.

• Polar ice caps and snow account for 78 percent of the world's fresh water supply. – Ice caps and snow contain 2.240 percent of the

earth's water.

Topic 2: Rock-on

• You look lonely. Create yourself a rock friend out of the supplies given to you.

• Be creative!!

• This dude (or dudette) can be your science tutor and help you with the rest of the unit!!!

Erosion and Weathering

Read pages 206-207 of textbook

Complete worksheet

Soil Erosion

Horizons

Complete worksheet

Topic 3: Minerals and Rocks

• Question?What is the difference between a rock and a

mineral?

• Answer:Minerals are homogeneous, naturally occurring, inorganic solids. Each mineral has a definite chemical composition and a characteristic crystalline structure.

A mineral may be a single element such as copper (Cu) or gold (Au), or it may be a compound made up of a number of elements. About 2,500 different minerals have been described.

• Rocks are made up of two or more minerals.

Common Minerals

• The materials that make up the crust of the earth fall into two broad categories: minerals and rocks. Minerals are elements or chemical compounds that are formed by a number of natural processes.

• Rocks are aggregates of minerals or organic substances that occur in many different architectural forms over the face of the Earth, and they contain a significant part of the geologic history of the region where they occur.

• To identify them and understand their history, you must be able to identify the minerals that make up the rocks.

Minerals Lab

• Examine minerals and use an identification key

Calcite

– Calcite is pure calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is found in limestone and marble. It is the cementing agent that binds sediments together into sedimentary rocks.

– Calcite is used as a fertilizer, cement, chalk, building stone, and for the manufacture of optical instruments.

Quartz• Milky quartz is a common

mineral that is found in many different types of rocks. The chemical formula is silicon oxide (SiO2).

• Quartz can be broken or weathered into the tiny pieces we know as sand.

• Quartz is used by humans in producing optical instruments and electical devices. It is also used to make sandpaper and grinding tools.

Magnetite

• Magnetite is a mineral that has a very high iron content. Magnetite has a black or brownish-red color and a black streak.

• It has a hardness of about 6 on the Mohs hardness scale. It is one of two minerals in the world that is naturally magnetic.

Feldspar

– Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in rocks that are located at or near the earth's surface. Feldspar can have glassy white, blue, green, or red crystals. All feldspars contain silica and aluminum.

– Feldspar is number 6 on the Mohs hardness scale.

Dolomite

• Dolomite is both a mineral and a rock.

• Dolomite is white or light pink in color. It has a hardness of 3.5 - 4 and only will react to acid when it is heated or in powdered form.

• Dolomite is used as a building stone and as a source of magnesium.

ROCKS(aggregates of minerals )

Hornblende

Quartz

Feldspar

What minerals is the rock “Granite” composed of?

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF ROCKS

1. Igneous Rocks: Formed from the cooling of molten rock.

A. Volcanic igneous rocks formed from molten rock that cooled quickly on or near the earth's surface.

B. Plutonic igneous rocks are the result of the slow cooling of molten rock far beneath the surface.

2. Sedimentary Rocks: Formed in layers as the result of moderate pressure on accumulated sediments.

3. Metamorphic Rocks: Formed from older "parent" rock (either igneous or sedimentary) under intense heat and/or pressure at considerable depths beneath the earth's surface.

Igneous Rocks

• Basalts are dark colored, fine-grained extrusive rock. The mineral grains are so fine that they are impossible to distinguish with the naked eye or even a magnifying glass. They are the most widespread of all the igneous rocks. Most basalts are volcanic in origin and were formed by the rapid cooling and hardening of the lava flows. Some basalts are intrusive having cooled inside the Earth's interior.

Gabbro

• Gabbro is a dark-colored, coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock.

• It is composed mostly of the mineral plagioclase feldspar with smaller amounts of pyroxene and olivine.

Metamorphic Rocks

– Marble is metamorphosed limestone or dolomite. Both limestone and dolomite have a large concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Marble has many different sizes of crystals.

– Marble has many color variances due to the impurities present at formation. Some of the different colors of marble are white, red, black, mottled and banded, gray, pink, and green.

Sedimentary Rocks– Limestone is the most

abundant of the non-clastic sedimentary rocks. Limestone is produced from the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate) and sediment. The main source of limestone is the limy ooze formed in the ocean.

– Chalk is another type of limestone that is made up of very small single-celled organisms. Chalk is usually white or gray in color.

• Halite is common table salt. It forms where brakish (salty) lakes or sea beds dry up.

• Halite has perfect cleavage and a hardness of 2.5 on the Mohs hardness scale.

Rock Classification

IgneousRocks that have solidified from a molten state.  There are two types of Igneous rocks: Plutonic - Rock from magma rising up from deep under the earth's crust; solidified before it reached the earth's surface. Volcanic - Rock that was originally lava, hot magma that reached the surface of the earth before it hardened.

plutonic igneous rocks - Granite, Peridotite volcanic igneous rocks - Obsidian,

Basalt, Rhyolite

SedimentaryRock formed by the accumulation of particles on or near the earth's surface, and compacted down, often under pressure, creating rock layers.

Limestone, Shale, Sandstone, Dolomite, Gypsum, Quartzite, and stones containing fossils

MetamorphicRocks resulting from changes within preexisting rocks, by extreme pressure, temperature, and chemical activity.

Kyanite, Mica, Garnet, Calcite, Quartz, Pyrite, Marble, Gneiss, Schist

Properties of Minerals (Identification Key)

• http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/Geol101/Labs/Minerals/

Topic 4: The Rock Cycle

ROCK CYCLE WEBQUEST

• Complete the WebQuest located on the class website!!!

Rock Cycle Learning Link

The Rock Cycle

Complete a Poster Project