unit 4: jacksonian democracy/the young nation chapter 11: the great transformation – growth &...
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Unit 4: Jacksonian Democracy/The Young
NationChapter 11: The Great
Transformation – Growth & Expansion 1828-1848
Characteristics of the Antebellum South
Primarily agrarian
Very slow development of industrialization
Economic power shifted from the “upper south” to the “lower south”
“Cotton is King!”
Slave labor
Southern Agriculture
Changes in Cotton Production
1820
1860
Value of Cotton Exports as % of all US Exports
Social Classes of the South
PlantersMade up about 5% of white population, but
controlled large amounts of the best land & the most slaves
Owned 20 or more slavesPlantation mistress bore heavy burden of
responsibilitySocially & politically dominant
Social Classes of the South
Small slaveholdersMade up about 20% of white populationOwned less than 20 slavesFrequently on the move looking for better
land & profits
Slave-Owning Population 1850
Social Classes of the South
YeomanLargest group of southern whites (about
2/3)No slavesOwned their own farms & focused primarily
on food crops for self-sufficiencyDid grow some cash crops & desired to
become slaveholders
Social Classes of the South
Poor WhitesMade up about 10% of white populationOwned no land & no slavesOften squatters or laborers on other farms
Southern Population
Life as a Slave
Differed based on many variables
Only were provided the bare necessities (food, clothing, housing)
Most slaves were employed as field handsOthers were house slaves or
worked in non-field occupations
Viewed as property, not humans
Early Emancipation in the North
Factors Contributing to the Early Industrial Revolution
Govt. protection of rights & inventions in the Constitution (Copyright & Patent Clause)
Govt. support for crucial developments in transportation –canals, roads, railroads
Tariffs to protect domestic manufacturers (Tariff of 1816, 1824, 1828)
Development of corporations with limited liability
Improved education system
The Embargo & War of 1812, both which stimulated a need for domestic manufacturers
Factors Contributing to the Early Industrial Revolution…
Cheap laborPeople moved off the farms & into the cities Increased immigration
New inventionsEli Whitney’s concept of interchangeable partsSamuel Slater’s textile millOliver Evan’s steam engine
Supreme Court decisions took power away from the states
Stable currency under the Second Bank of the U.S.
Moving West
Manifest Destiny
Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand westward to the Pacific
Used to gain public support for American territorial expansion
".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth.” – John L. O’Sullivan
Oregon Country
Fur traders, land speculators, & people searching for gold traveled the Oregon Trail from St. Louis to the Pacific NW
1830s Missionaries reported the beauty of the landResulted in “Oregon
Fever” of the 1840s
Oregon Country
Democrats in 1844 election called for U.S. ownership of all of Oregon
Oregon Treaty (1846) extended the existing U.S. – Canada boundary at the 49th parallel west to the Pacific
Trails Westward
Mormon Community
Founded by Joseph Smith 1832
Forced to migrate to Illinois due to religious persecution
Under the new leadership of Bringham Young, they moved to the valley of the Great Salt Lake
Didn’t accept strangers & made it difficult for non-Mormons to stay in the region, except Indians, who occupied a central place in Mormon sacred literature
The Texas Question
State in the Republic of Mexico since 1822
By 1835, thousands of Americans had migrated to Texas after the Mexican govt. offered land grants to settlers
With foreigners flooding in, the Mexican govt. saw their power base erode, so they attempted to tighten their controlTexans responded by proclaiming
independence in 1836
The Texas Question
Mexican dictator Santa Anna advanced north & annihilated the Texan garrisons at the Alamo
The Texas Question
Texans refused to give up
Led by Sam Houston, the Texans finally defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto River
Treaty of Velasco (1836) recognized Texas’s independence & acknowledged the Rio Grande as the border between Texas & Mexico
Treaty was never ratified by the Mexican govt.
The Texas Question
Houston asked the U.S. govt. to annex Texas, but Jackson said noConcerned about
the revival of the slavery issue
President Tyler finally admitted Texas to the Union in 1845
Early RailroadsRapid expansion in the West created an increased
demand for transportation & communication between the West & the rest of the nation
1828 Maryland chartered the B & O Railroad, using a steam locomotive
Rail transport couldn’t rival water-based transportation
ProblemsNo coherent network of trackNo standard track sizeBoiler explosions, fires, & derailments
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