unit 7: chapter 24 * the victorian age life in the emerging urban society
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I. Urbanization
A. By 1900 Europe had become urban
and industrial
1. Great Britain was the first to
become a modern industrial
society
2. problems of mass urbanization
a. magnified poor conditions
1) high death rate due to
poor sanitation & crowding
B. Public Health Movement
1. miasmatic theory – disease spread by odor
2. Edwin Chadwick (health reformer &
Benthamite)
a. “sanitary idea” – poverty was caused
by death from disease
1) Cholera
C. Bacterial Revolution
1. Disease was spread through filth
NOT caused by it
2. Germ Theory – specific diseases were
caused by specific living organisms
a. Louis Pasteur
1) pasteurization
b. Robert Koch – described lifecycles
of harmful bacteria
c. Joseph Lister: antiseptic principle
1) sterilization in hospitals
II. Urban planning and public transportation
A. Workhouse movement - “Poorhouses” EDWIN CHADWICK:Poor Law reformer. He believed that existing relief, being too generous, encouraged idleness and larger families.
1. Napoleon III a. sought to promote the welfare of all his subjects through government action 1) rebuilding Paris would provide employment,
improve living conditions, and testify to the
glory of France
b. Georges Haussmann – planner 1) Destroyed slums – replaced w/better housing &
open spaces (parks)
2) built wide, straight, tree lined avenues =
to prevent the building of barricades
3) improved sewage system & fresh water aqueducts
4) public transportation = street cars & railroads
III. Social Structure A. Increase in standard of living 1. Middle Class: had servants, educated, strict
code of behavior, committed to hard work.
a. Upper middle class – merged with
old aristocracy
b. Middle middle class – professionals
(engineers, doctors, etc.)
c. Lower middle class – white collar employees,
small shop owners
2. Impact of industrialization
a. expanded and diversified middle class
3. culture: traditional Christian morality & self-
discipline (The Victorian Era)
B. Working Classes 1. 80% of population in 1900
2. Less homogenous and unified
than middle classes
3. Highly skilled workers: Labor Aristocracy
4. Semi-skilled workers domestic service
5. Unskilled workers & sweated industries
6. Lifestyle: drinking, spectator sports, music hall,
gambling
7. Decline in church attendance due to:
lack of faith, growth of secularism, lack of churches
in cities
a. Church associated with the upper classes
IV. The Changing FamilyA. Marriage
1. working class: romantic sentiment 2. middle class: economic considerations
B. Illegitimacy explosion (1750-1850)– declined in later 19th century
C. Sexual division: men & women worked in separate spheres
D. Child Rearing 1. closer bond b/w parent and child 2. strict upbringing of middle class children 3. working-class children worked & were more independent E. Sigmund Freud: human behavior is motivated
by unconscious emotional needs F. Gustave Droz: Mr.,Mrs.,and Baby - family
manual
V. Science and Intellectual AchievementsA. Physical science
1. Industrial technology 2. Thermodynamics 3. Chemistry: Dmitri Mendeleev a. periodic table
b. organic chemistry
4. Electromagnetism: Michael Faraday 5. Geology: Charles Lyell –
uniformitarianism 7. Biology: Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection
* Evolution
B. Social Science
1. August Comte (1798-1857)•positivism – the discovery of the
eternal laws of human behavior
• Sociology – science applied to society
2. Social Darwinism: Herbert Spencer “Survival of the fittest”Perverted Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution applying it to the human race
VI. Realism: 1850A. Literature
1. Depict life as it really was
2. Determinism
3. Rejected Romanticism
4. Movement began in France
a. Honoré de Balzac – The Human Comedy
b. Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary
c. Émile Zola - Germinal
5. England: George Eliot(Mary Ann Evans)
6. Russia: Leo Tolstoy – War & Peace
7. Scandinavia: Henrik Ibsen
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