unit ii, section 2. this section will allow you the opportunity to become acquainted with the...
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Europe Unit II, Section 2
This section will allow you the opportunity to become acquainted with the physical,
historical, cultural, and modern challenges, issues, and topics associated with Europe.
We will look at artistic movements, historical events, governmental characteristics, and traits that make Europe a center of history,
culture, and political dynamics.
Section Overview
Define how geographic features have influenced European development economically, culturally, and socially.
Analyze variables in European governmental structures.
Describe aspects of European art movements.
Define Europe’s place as a force economically and globally.
Objectives
Geographic Features
Scoured by glacial activity Stretches from Southern England to the Ural
Mountains Highly productive farmland
◦ Fertile soils◦ Major waterways
High in mineral resources◦ Coal
Terrain suitable for urban expansion◦ London, Paris, Berlin, & Moscow
Northern European Plain
Ural Mountains◦ 1,500 miles in length
Polar Russia to Kazakhstan◦ Natural border between Europe
& Asia◦ Comparative to the Appalachian
Mountains Aged, Eroded
Alps◦ 750 miles in length
Crescent shaped range◦ Glacial melt provides
headwaters for Europe’s rivers◦ Historic natural barrier◦ Major source of regional tourism
Mountains
Otzi the Iceman Discovered in 1991 Oldest naturally
preserved mummy◦ 5,300 years old
Believed to have been attacked and killed
Valuable resource to study Copper Age Europe◦ Clothing, Diet, & Health
Alpine Victim
Apennines◦ Forms “spine” of Italy◦ 870 miles in length
Italian Alps to Sicily◦ Part of the Alpine mountain
group Pyrenees
◦ 270 miles long◦ Border between France &
Spain◦ Renewed mountain range
Old mountains folded and made higher
◦ 6th smallest country, Andorra
…Continued
Mt. Vesuvius◦ Only active volcano on
mainland Europe◦ Bay of Naples ◦ At present, 4,203 feet high◦ Most famous eruption, 79
A.D.
Mt. Etna◦ Located on Sicily◦ Tallest volcano in Europe,
over 10 thousand feet high◦ Most recent eruption in 2013
Volcanoes
Thames River◦ England◦ 215 Miles◦ Deep water port
Rhine River◦ 766 Miles long◦ Runs through the heart of
Europe◦ Connections from
agricultural centers to seaports
Rivers
Danube◦ 1,777 miles long◦ Water highway for Europe◦ System of canals connect
North & Black Seas
Volga◦ 2,294 miles long◦ Europe’s longest river◦ Empties into the Caspian Sea◦ Majority freezes 3 months out
of the year◦ Southern Volga home to
pelicans & flamingos
…Continued
Baltic Sea◦ 120 miles wide◦ Scandinavian waterway◦ Fjords
North Sea◦ 360 miles wide◦ Major oil industries◦ Issues with overfishing
Black Sea◦ 730 miles long◦ Bosporus & Dardanelles Straits◦ Russian warm water resorts/ports
Odessa
Seas
2,500 miles in length Connects to the Atlantic at the
Straits of Gibraltar Bordered by Africa, Europe, & Asia Once known as a “Roman lake” Hundreds of island and history of
seismic activity◦ African, European, & Asiatic plates
Encompasses four smaller seas◦ Adriatic, Aegean, Ionian, & Tyrrhenian
Seas
Mediterranean Sea
Iceland◦ Lies along Mid-Atlantic
Mountain Range◦ Active in volcanic, hot spring,
& geyser activity Many home & industries
heated by geo-thermal waters
British Isles◦ Two major islands
Great Britain & Ireland◦ Rugged cliffs, rolling hills,
and green meadows
Islands
Agriculture◦ Mild climate supports heavy agro-industries◦ Cereal crops, olives, grapes◦ Major exporter of sheep & cattle globally
Peat◦ Used as a heating source across Europe
Fossil Fuels◦ Coal reserves along N. European Plain◦ Russia major exporter of oil and natural gas◦ North Sea drilling ventures
Fishing & Forestry Fur industry
Resources
Historic Backgrounds
Homo erectus, heidelbergensis, & neanderthalensis all made successful forays into Europe
Neanderthal would last until about 24,000 years ago
“Modern” humans arrived around 40,000 years ago
Competition, interbreeding, or species die off would contribute to a single human species
Farming arrived between 10 and 12 thousand years ago
Early Man
Greeks◦ Predated by the Minoan culture
Civilization vanished◦ Developed distinct societies among city-
states Democratic/philosophic Athens Militaristic/hard lined Sparta
◦ Spread Hellenism across the known world Alexander the Great (356-323) Conquered from Greece to Egypt to the Indus
River ◦ Greek style of learning, art, and language
dominated known world for centuries
Greco-Roman World
Rome◦ Predated by the Etruscan culture
Conquered by the Romans in 264 B.C.E.◦ Pushed out off the Italian Peninsula for need of conquest
Europe, Northern Africa, & the Middle East◦ Highly advanced civilization
Sophisticated plumbing systems City development/lay out
Roman roads Forums, baths, entertainment venues, markets
Government Senate, Tribunes, Emperor
Highly skilled and advanced armies
…Continued
Roman Empire divided in 285 C.E.◦ Outward attacks from barbarians◦ Withdrawal from Provincial Rome◦ Western Empire (Rome) falls in 476 C.E.
Europe plunged into the Dark Ages◦ Loss of Roman infrastructure◦ Tribal invasions◦ Inadequacies of local governments; power vacuums
The Church emerged as a beacon of hope◦ Preserved learning◦ Spiritual leadership
Middle Ages & Renaissance
Series of nine Crusades◦ 1095-1291◦ Recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims◦ Reintroduction of Classical learning
Black Death◦ Arrived in 1346◦ Spread across Europe; decimating the population
Renaissance◦ Emerged after the Black Death◦ Humanist approach to life, art, etc.◦ Reemphasis on artistic expretion and higher learning
…Continued
Reformation◦ Splitting away of Protestant faiths from the Catholic
Church ◦ Early leadership in Martin Luther (1517)
Protested the selling of Indulgences◦ Led to new forms of the faith, war, and continental
division Age of Enlightenment
◦ 18th Century ◦ Questioned traditional ruling ideas◦ French Revolution
Dissolution of the Monarchy Execution of the king & queen
Shifts in Ideas
1492-Columbus discovers the New World
Spanish, Dutch, French, Portuguese, & the English race to lay claim◦ Germany & Russia minor players
Europe influences expand◦ South America, Africa, Asia, &
Oceania Western ideas/influences &
Christianity spreads Colonialism would last until
after WWII
Imperialism
Advancements in technology◦ Transportation◦ Communication
Spread of Nationalism & push for regional independence◦ Balkans States◦ Leading into WWI
WWI (1914-1918)◦ Central & Allied powers◦ Early advancements lead to bloodier warfare◦ Tanks, airplanes, mustard gas
Turn of the 20th Century
Fall of the Russian Czar◦ 1917, Nicholas II overthrown during WWI
Highly unpopular◦ Replaced with Socialism movement◦ July 1918, Czar and his family executed
WWII (1939-1945)◦ German aggression rises after economic turmoil◦ Hitler begins German expansion◦ Holocaust◦ Axis & Allied forces
Cold War◦ Nuclear tensions◦ Division of Europe
Communist East Democratic West
…Continued
Region Today
Constitutional Monarchies◦ Great Britain◦ Denmark◦ Spain
Republican Democracies◦ France◦ Germany◦ Italy
Theocracy◦ Vatican City
Communism◦ Eastern Bloc◦ Communism Collapsed, 1989-1990
Governmental Traits
PM of the United Kingdom
David Cameron
PM of Spain
Mariano Rajoy
PM of Denmark
Lars Rasmussen
Chancellor of Germany
Angela Merkel
President of France
Francois Hollande
Prime Minister of Italy
Matteo Renzi
President of Russia
Vladimir Putin
Pope Francis (Vatican City)
President (Monsignor) Giuseppe Bertello
Crowned Heads Of Europe
King Philippe, Belgium Queen Elizabeth II, Great Britain
Queen Margarthe II, Denmark King Willeim-Alexander, the Netherlands
Prince Hans-Adam II, Liechtenstein Grand Duke Henri, Luxembourg
Prince Albert II, Monaco King Harald V, Norway
King Felipe VI, Spain
1925-2013 UK’s first and only female Prime
Minister Tenure in Office
◦ Reduced influence of the Unions◦ Privatized industry◦ Changed public benefits system
Cold War ally/friend of President Reagan
“The Iron Lady”◦ Survived IRA assassination attempt
Resigned Nov. 28, 1990◦ Pressure from her party
Margaret Thatcher
The European Union◦Created After WWII◦27 Member States◦Mutual Military Aid & Support◦Legislative Body House In Strasbourg, France
◦Justice Body House In Luxembourg◦Prepares Budgets For Eurozone
Cross-Border Unity
The European Union◦ Common Currency & Common Market Across Much Of Europe
Bank Headquartered In Frankfurt, Germany P.I.I.G.S Debt Crisis
Capitalist System◦ Stock Exchanges
Socialistic System◦ “Cradle to Grave System”
Sweden◦ Spawned from Marxist ideas◦ Government Ownership ◦ Some Private Ownership
Economy
Bosnia◦ 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declare independence
Balkan states looked for independence after WWII Dictator Josip Tito died in 1980
◦ “Serbian National Assembly” seeks a part of a regional Serbian State
◦ Ethnic cleansing begins after Bosnian independence recognized internationally Bosniak civilians & Croats
Forced relocation/expulsion Killings & Military harassment July 1995, attack on Srebrenica (7-8,000 men killed)
◦ International response was slow Push to deal with leaders
Regional Unrest
Northern Ireland◦ Conflict between Catholics & Protestants
Irish Republican Army (Catholic) Loyalists (Protestants) & British forces
◦ Bombings and assassinations Police, soldiers, politicians, & civilians
◦ 1998, “Good Friday” Agreement, shaky peace Ukraine
◦ Ethnic Russians in Eastern portions of the country◦ Overthrow of Pro-Russian President Yanukovych
Replaced with Pro-EU/Western government◦ Separation of Crimea, tensions in Eastern Ukraine◦ Seizing of Eastern military bases by para-government forces
backed by Moscow
…Continued
Conflict in the Middle East & Sub-Saharan Africa forcing people toward Europe◦ Estimated 19 million migrants◦ Trek through Turkey in spill into European
countries Hungary & Greece major hubs
Hunger, disease, violence, drowning, interment, etc. face migrants
Germany European goal◦ Other Western countries pressured to come on
board
Refugee Crisis
American cultural heritage traced back to European roots
NATO◦ North Atlantic Treaty Organization◦ Began as anti-communism organization◦ Mutual protection for all members
US/British European alliance one of the World’s closest
Historic tensions between the US/Russia◦ The Cold War◦ Regional conflicts/tensions
U.S./European Relations
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