unit iv- the antebellum period
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UNIT IV- THE ANTEBELLUM PERIOD
Part One: Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny The idea the Americans
would expand to the Pacific Ocean started with Thomas Jefferson (Lewis and Clark expedition)
Americans believed their movement westward and southward was destined and ordained by God
An editor of a newspaper called it “manifest destiny” Westward movement was obvious
What do you see in the picture?
The Frontier Draws Settlers The Panic of
1837 convinced people that they were better off with a fresh start in the West
Tons of land out west Farming and
mining for gold!!
Trails to the West Santa Fe Trail- 780 miles from
Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
Oregon Trail- Started in Independence, Missouri and ended in Portland, Oregon Fertile soil, lots of rainfall Traveled in wooden-wheeled
Conestoga wagons Walked, and pushed handcarts
Trip took months, many died of disease Caravans provided protection against
Indian attacks and loneliness By 1844, about 4,000 Americans
settled in Oregon
Mormon Movement- Utah- Led by Brigham Young- Mormons migrated across the Great
Plains and the Rocky Mountains to establish the colony of New Zion on the shore of the Great Salt Lake.
- Migrated due to religious persecution- Prospered as farmers and traders- Successful in irrigating desert region
California- In 1848, workers at John Sutter’s
sawmill found flecks of gold in the American River.
- 1848: population around 14,000- 1849: population around 100,000- 1852: population around 200,000- California Gold Rush- fortune seekers
known as “forty-niners” fled to the area in search of gold
- Most were unmarried men (only 5% of the population were women, 10% Chinese)
- Brought commercial prosperity and an increase in gold findings elsewhere.
(http://telly.com/A1XZE)
Expansion in Texas
Mexico offered land grants to Americans settlers, but cultural conflicts eventually led to Texas rebelling against the Mexican government to gain its independence.
In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged Americans settlers to move into Texas
Mexican government gave land grants: To prevent border violations by horse
thieves and protect against Indian attacks
Americans pledged to obey Mexican laws and observed Roman Catholicism
Stephen Austin– took the first group of 300 families of American settlers to Texas
Tension between Mexico and Americans living in TX grew over cultural differences and slavery Many southerners moving in
and bringing slaves Mexico abolished slavery in
1824 Mexico seals its borders in 1830 Austin wanted greater self-
government for Texas but was unsuccessful
Mexican President, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna imprisoned Austin for inciting revolution
The Alamo (1836) –Spanish mission in San Antonio
used as a fort Attacked by Santa Anna’s Mexican
army All 187 Texan defenders of the Alamo
were killed by the Mexican army William Travis –commander of Texas
forces at the Alamo Jim Bowie -famous gambler known for
side knives Davy Crockett –famous woodsman from
Tennessee “Remember the Alamo!”= war cry
for Texans fighting for independencehttp://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/the-alamo
)
-March 2, 1836- Texans declare their independence from Mexico
-1845- Texas joins the Union
THE WAR WITH MEXICO
California tried to rebel against Mexico but is unsuccessful
President James K. Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to purchase California but Mexico refuses Rebels declared their independence from Mexico
War started with Mexico over the southern border of Texas Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked US
forces that were positioned there led by Gen. Zachary Taylor War was declared May 1846
Many Americans supported war due to the belief in Manifest Destiny
Encouraged economic opportunities and land for farming
America Gains the Spoils of War
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo –officially ended the Mexican-American War
Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas
Mexican Cession –California, New Mexico, and Utah Territories ceded from Mexico to the U.S.
Gadsden Purchase established the current boundaries of the lower 48 states
U.S. paid Mexico $15 million for the Mexican Cession
SectionalismThe issue of slavery dominated U.S. politics in
the 1850s.
Part Two: Pre-Civil War
Economy based on manufacturing and industrialization
Railroad construction very common
Urbanization (growth of cities)
Immigration from European countries was common
Economy based on agriculture and slavery –cotton was the major cash crop (King Cotton)
Primarily a rural region of plantations and small farms
Lack of railroads and industry
No significant European immigration to the South
North South
Differences Between North and South
STOP AND THINK! How did the economy in the North differ
from that in the South?
• Extension of slavery- Biggest problem• North and West thought it was wrong• South in favor because of cotton• South thought that the North and West were
against the extension of slavery because they wanted to decrease the power of the South
STOP AND THINK!!! What impact did the growth of cotton
have on the system of slavery?
Events Leading Up to the Civil War
Missouri Compromise• Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
• At this time, the US had 10 slave state and 10 free states
• Under the leadership of Henry Clay• Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri
as a slave state- keeps the balance• Missouri Compromise drew a line through the
Louisiana Purchase along the 36th parallel• Slavery allowed below the line, but not above (except
for Missouri)• This was an attempt to resolve the issue of slavery in
the western territory
STOP AND THINK! How did the Missouri Compromise
temporarily settle the debate over slavery?
How did the Missouri Compromise promote Sectionalism?
Slavery in the Territories Wilmot Proviso –def. –plan to ban
slavery from expanding into lands won from Mexico during the Mexican War
Sparked sectional conflict over slavery issue –North vs. South
California applied for statehood as a free state
Gold Rush of 1849 led to an explosion in California’s population
Upset Southerners –demanded that slavery be allowed to expand West
The Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay (aka “The Great
Compromiser”) -wanted to avoid conflict between North and South, developed a compromise
California = free state New Mexico and Utah
territories would use popular sovereignty to decide slavery issue
Popular sovereignty– the residents of a territory would vote for or against slavery
New Mexico and Texas border dispute settled in favor of New Mexico, but Texas received debts paid by federal government
Slave trade in Washington D.C. was abolished Very popular in the North, very controversial in
the South New Fugitive Slave Law passed in order to return
escaped slaves to plantations in the South Very popular in the South, very controversial in
the North
Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Main Idea: Proslavery factions in the South and antislavery factions in the North disagreed over the treatment of fugitive slaves and the spread of slavery to the territories. This resulted in increased sectionalism between the regions.
Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad
Fugitive Slave Law Northerners angered by the new
Fugitive Slave Law-part of the Compromise of 1850
Runaway slaves could NOT testify in court and no trial by jury
Helping an escaped slave resulted in fines and jail time
The Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad
was a secret network of abolitionists who would help fugitive slaves escape to the North and Canada
Harriet Tubman–former slave and “conductor” on the underground railroad
Made 19 trips and helped 300 people to freedom
Nicknamed “Moses” of her people for her efforts
http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/harriet-tubman-and-the-underground-railroad
)
Abolitionism• Movement to end slavery• William Lloyd Garrison- publisher of
the Liberator and abolitionist newspaper• Demanded immediate
emancipation (freeing of slaves) with no payment to slaveholders
• Frederick Douglass- ex-slave, speaks publicly about his experience as a slave
• Harriet Beecher Stowe• Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
(1852)• Strong reactions from the North
and South• Message: Slavery not just a
political and economic issue but is now a moral issue
Tensions in Kansas Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 –Stephen Douglas’ plan to
organize territories in the West Popular sovereignty-settlers in the
territories would vote for or against slavery in both Kansas and Nebraska
Repealed the Missouri Compromise–Kansas and Nebraska were both north of the 36 30’ parallel line (slavery had been banned North of that line)
Sectional tensions exploded –Northerners resented the idea that slavery could expand to lands where slavery had been banned
Led to the formation of the Republican Party
“Bleeding Kansas”• Settlers poured in from the
North and South- Kansas ready to become a state• Thousands of people from
slave state Missouri crossed into Kansas and voted illegally for slavery to be allowed
• Violence raged through Kansas• Some 200 people were killed
Stop and think! Why was popular sovereignty
controversial?
Why did Kansas become a center of controversy over the issue of slavery?
The Birth of the Republican Party
Main Idea – In the mid-1850s, the issue of slavery and other factors split political parties and led to the birth of new ones, including the Republican Party.
New Political Parties
Whig Party–collapsed by 1854 due to conflicts over slavery
Know Nothing Party (American Party) –established 1854 Members believed in nativism–
def. –favoring of native-born Americans over immigrants
anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic
Republican Party Established in1854 Opposed to the
expansion of slavery into western territories
Supported by many people in the North as a result of “Bleeding Kansas”
Slavery and Secession
Main Idea –A series of controversial events heightened the sectional conflict that brought the nation to the brink of civil war.
Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott Decision(1857) Background: Dred Scott –African
American slave from Missouri who sued for his freedom because his master had moved him to the free state of Illinois
Roger B. Taney(Chief Justice) -ruled that African Americans were not citizens
Missouri Compromise line was unconstitutional because it violated property rights
Sectionalism exploded –decision hated by North and cheered by South
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM7onFP9vUQ)
Stop and think! What was the significance of the Dred
Scott decision?
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) Lincoln challenged Douglas to a
series of debates on slavery in the western territories as part of their senate race in 1858
Douglas won the senate race, but Lincoln became known throughout the North as a possible presidential candidate in 1860
Douglas believed in popular sovereignty and that slavery would pass away on its own
John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry
(1859) John Brown –abolitionist who wanted
to lead a slave revolt in the South Harpers Ferry –federal armory and
arsenal Brown’s goal was to capture weapons
for slaves and lead revolt John Brown was captured and hanged
for treason Sectionalism between North and
South exploded In the South, John Brown was viewed
as an evil murderer In the North, some people viewed
Brown as a heroic martyr, others agreed with his views but thought that he was too radical in his actions
Election of 1860 Candidates
Abraham Lincoln(Republican)
Stephen Douglas(Northern Democrat)
John C. Breckenridge(Southern Democrat)
John Bell(Constitutional Union Party)
Lincoln wins! Lincoln won electoral
college but only won 39% of popular vote
He won all northern states
He won no southern states
South was upset at Lincoln’s election –led directly to secession crisis
http://www.history.com/topics/1860-election/videos#abraham-lincoln
Secession Crisis (1860-1861) South Carolina –
seceded from the Union as a result of Lincoln’s election
Followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
Confederate States of America
(CSA)–Confederacy created by southern states that seceded from the Union
Emphasized states rights
Devoted to the protection of slavery
Jefferson Davis = former senator who became the president of the Confederacy
Now that we have discussed all the events leading to the Civil War, what is the main cause of the Civil War and why?
Main Idea –The secession crisis ultimately resulted in the American Civil War between the North and the South from 1861-1865.
The Civil War’s Greatest Mythhttp://www.history.com/topics/frederick-douglass/videos#civil-wars-greatest-myth)
Part Three: The Civil War Begins
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter–an island fort in Charleston, South Carolina South Carolina demanded that the U.S. army surrender the
fort April 12, 1861 –South Carolina fired on Fort Sumter, U.S.
forces surrendered Opening confrontation of the Civil War, led Lincoln to call
for 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion and preserve the Union
Caused Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy
Ft. Sumter (http://video.pbs.org/video/1832507650/)
Choosing Sides: Lee http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsW5GHRR02k&feature=related)
Northern Strategy- Anaconda Plan
Anaconda Plan–Union strategy for victory in the Civil War• Union navy would blockade southern ports to prevent trade• Union would take control of the Mississippi River, cutting the Confederacy into two parts• Union armies would capture Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia• Most difficult objective due to the leadership of Robert E. Lee-Confederate commander of the Army of Northern Virginia who opposed secession but felt loyalty to his home state of Virginia
Confederate Strategy
• Fight until enemy gives up
• Defensive strategy• Stand your
ground!
More States Secede• Four more states secede- Virginia, North
Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas
• Western counties of Virginia were antislavery so they seceded from Virginia- admitted into the Union as West VA in 1863
• Four remaining slave states remained in the Union
• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri
Battle of Bull Run• July 21, 1861- was the first
major bloodshed of the war• Lincoln ordered 30,000
soldiers to move from DC to capture Richmond
• Met at Bull Run (Manassas) by Confederate troops
• Battle went back and forth but eventually the Confederates won• General “Stonewall” Jackson led
confederates- “There is Jackson standing like a stone wall”
• Union troops retreated to D.C.h
ttp://www.history.com/videos/first-battle-of-bull-run#first-battle-of-bull-run)
Battle of Antietam The Battle of Antietam
(Sharpsburg, MD)–September 17, 1862
George B. McClellan (U.S.) vs. Robert E. Lee (C.S.) in Maryland
Bloodiest single day in American History –23,000 casualties
Lee’s army retreated to Virginia, Lincoln able to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle-of-antietam#the-battle-of-antietam)
The Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Lincoln -January 1, 1863h
ttp://www.history.com/videos/lincolns-legacy-of-emancipation#lincolns-legacy-of-emancipation)
Freed slaves located in “rebelling” states (states that had seceded and were still in rebellion against the U.S. government)
Turning Point in the War Made the end of slavery a Northern war
aim/goal Discouraged European powers (like Great
Britain and France) from supporting the Confederacy
Allowed for the enlistment of African-American soldiers in the Union Army
After the Proclamationhttp://www.history.com/videos/after-the-emancipation#after-the-emancipation
)
Stop and Think!! How did the Emancipation Proclamation
change the course of the Civil War?
LIFE DURING WARTIME AND THE NORTH TAKES CHARGE
Main Idea –The Civil War brought about dramatic social and economic changes in American society. Key Northern victories such as Vicksburg and Gettysburg helped the Union wear down the Confederacy. The North’s eventual win in the Civil War preserved the Union.
African Americans Fight for Freedom
African American soldiers –allowed to enlist following the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation
Represented 10% of entire Union army by the end of the war
Discrimination was common
Paid less than white troops Segregated units with
white officers
African American Slaves Seized
opportunity presented by the approach of Union armies to escape from slavery and achieve freedom
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
Mainly due to high casualties in battle, poor living conditions, and disease
Camp life –lonely, boring, repetitive Lack of sanitation, poor quality
food, lack of proper medical care Warfare –brutal battles fought with
outdated tactics and advanced weapons led to high casualties
Many soldiers were killed, even more returned home wounded or crippled
Many soldiers often kept wartime diaries and sent letters home to record the harsh realities of civil war soldier life
The North Takes ChargeBattle of Gettysburg Battle of Gettysburg –July 1-3, 1863
(Pennsylvania) Robert E. Lee and the Army of
Northern Virginia invaded the North Union victory –Lee’s army forced to
retreat to Virginia 51,000 casualties in 3 days –largest
battle of the Civil War Turning point of the Civil War in the
Union’s favor •Gettysburg: •Pickett’s Charge •Chamberlain’s Charge: History
Channel & Gettysburghttp://www.history.com/videos/chamberlain-at-gettysburg#chamberlain-at-gettysburghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqT8PMBtIKI&feature=related
Battle of Vicksburg Battle of Vicksburg
–July 4th, 1863 Ulysses S. Grant
(Union) captured Vicksburg on the Mississippi River
Union controlled all of the Mississippi River, which cut the Confederacy in half
The Gettysburg Address Lincoln attended the dedication of
the national cemetery in Gettysburg
Gettysburg Address –Lincoln’s 2 minute speech
Said that the United States was one nation, not a federation of independent states
Lincoln identified the reasons for fighting the Civil War
To preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal”
To preserve a nation that was dedicated ruled by a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”
The Confederacy Wears Down
Lincoln made U.S. Grant the commander in chief of Union forces in 1864
Grant decided to take on Lee’s army in Virginia, while William T. Sherman attacked Atlanta
Sherman captured Atlanta in September 1864
Grant captured Richmond in April 1865 Both Atlanta and Richmond were
destroyed Appomattox –April 9th, 1865 Lee surrendered his army to U.S. Grant –
urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again
Marked the end of the Civil War with a Northern victory and an end to the Confederacy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy3nO-P_j9E&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PLA5401D4D797674C7)
http://www.history.com/videos/surrender-at-appomattox-courthouse#surrender-at-appomattox-courthouse
The War’s Impact Long and costly war concluded with: Northern victory = preservation of the Union Southern defeat = end to states’ rights and
secession arguments Emancipation of the slaves Federal government stronger than individual
state governments Destruction of Southern economy(http://www.history.com/videos/legacy-of-the-civil-war#legacy-of-the-civil-war)
Legacy of the War The War Changes the Nation
PoliticalEconomicalSocial
Political Changes Federal
government viewed as supreme to state governments•Secession no longer an option for states
Economic Changes
Northern and Midwestern states had booming economies•Based on business, manufacturing and industrial growth•Railroads were built in increasing numbers•Transcontinental Railroad (from East to West) was completed by 1869
http://www.history.com/topics/transcontinental-railroad/videos#transcontinental-railroad
)
Economies of Southern states were devastated•Slavery was abolished, eliminating the #1 labor source in agriculture•Many cities were destroyed –including Richmond and Atlanta•Most railroads and many farms were destroyed•Confederate money was worthless
Northern Economy Southern Economy
Social Changes Many veterans on
both sides had permanent disabilities
13th Amendment–abolished slavery in the United States
War Changes Lives Ulysses S. Grant
Urged northerners not to be harsh with former Confederates
Elected President of the United States in 1868 and 1872
Advocated rights for freedmen (former slaves)
http://www.history.com/videos/president-ulysses-s-grant-the-celebrity#president-ulysses-s-grant-the-celebrity)
Robert E. Lee Urged southerners to
reconcile and rejoin the Union
Served as President of Washington College (now Washington and Lee)
Emphasized the importance of education to the nation’s future
http://www.history.com/videos/robert-e-lee#robert-e-lee
)
Frederick Douglass Supported full equality
for African-Americans Encouraged federal
government to take action that would protect the rights of freedmen in the South
Advocated for the passage of the 14thand 15th Amendments
Served as ambassador to Haiti
Abraham Lincoln Assassinated 5 days
after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House
Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in Washington DC
Never had a chance to implement his plans for Reconstruction
http://www.history.com/videos/the-other-side-of-lincoln-lincolns-assassination#the-other-side-of-lincoln-lincolns-assassination)
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