unit overview motivational theories hunger sexual motivation the need to belong

Unit Overview

Motivational Theories

HungerSexual MotivationThe Need to Belong

Motivation

– A need or desire that energizes & directs behavior

1.Instinct Theory

2.Drive-Reduction Theory

3.Arousal Theory

4.Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Unit 8A:Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyRu7k70Jhc

What’s Your Sentence?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK0GlKtrKV8

Aron Rolston

Instinct Theory (Evolutionary Psychology)

• Instinct– we are motivated by our instinctual

behavior patterns

– complex, unlearned & fixed behavior common to species

– tends to NAME rather than EXPLAIN behavior

genetic predispositions

Drive Reduction Theory• A physiological need creates an aroused state

that drives the organism to reduce the need. – the drive (aroused state) is a result of a need– a need is a physiological state that triggers

motivational arousal– the aim of drive-reduction is HOMEOSTASIS

• maintenance of a steady internal state

Drives and Incentives

• Incentive–positive or negative environmental

stimuli that motivates behavior

– the role of learning in motivation is most closely associated w/ incentives…

• incentives depend on personal & cultural experience

– need + incentive= strongly driven.

human motivation does not aim to eliminate arousal but rather to seek optimum level

Hierarchy of NeedsAbraham Maslow

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs–Variations in the hierarchy

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

Unit 8A:Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

“Without a firm idea of himself and the purpose of his life, man cannot live even if surrounded with bread.”

--Dostoyevski

Hunger

The Physiology of Hunger

• Contractions of the stomach–Washburn study

The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain

• Glucose

• Insulin

• Hypothalamus–Lateral hypothalamus

• orexin

–Vetromedial hypothalamus

Let’s Eat! tells body you are

hungry

So full I’ll Vomit! tells body you are full

Stimulate

vs. lesion

The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain

• Appetite hormones–Ghrelin–Obestatin–PYY–Leptin

• Set point• Basal metabolic rate

The Psychology of HungerTaste Preferences: Biology and Culture

• Taste preferences–Genetic: sweet and salty

–Neophobia

–Adaptive taste preferences

The Psychology of HungerEating Disorders

• Eating disorders–Anorexia nervosa

–Bulimia nervosa

–Binge-eating disorder

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Obesity

Obesity and Weight ControlThe Social Effects of Obesity

• Social effects of obesity

• Weight discrimination

• Psychological effects of obesity

Weight Discrimination

Weight Discrimination

Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity

• Fat Cells

Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity

• Set point and metabolism

Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity

• The genetic factor

• The food and activity factor–Sleep loss

–Social influence

–Food consumption and activity level

Sexual Motivation

The Physiology of SexThe Sexual Response Cycle

• Sexual response cycle–Excitement phase–Plateau phase–Orgasm–Resolution phase

• Refractory period

The Physiology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior

• Effects of hormones–Development of sexual characteristics

–Activate sexual behavior

• Estrogen

• Testosterone

The Psychology of Sex

• External stimuli

• Imagined stimuli–Dreams

–Sexual fantasies

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Adolescent SexualityTeen Pregnancy

• Ignorance

• Minimal communication about birth control

• Guilt related to sexual activity

• Alcohol use

• Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

Adolescent SexualitySexually Transmitted Infections

• Statistics of STIs

• Teen abstinence–High intelligence

–Religious engagement

–Father presence

–Participation in service learning programs

–xxx

Sexual Orientation

• Sexual orientation–Homosexual orientation

–Heterosexual orientation

• Sexual orientation statistics

Sexual OrientationOrigins of Sexual Orientation

• Origins of sexual orientation studies–Fraternal birth order effect

• Same-sex attraction in animals• The brain and sexual orientation• Genes and sexual orientation• Prenatal hormones and sexual

orientation

The Need to Belong

The Need to Belong

• Aiding survival

• Wanting to belong

• Sustaining relationships

• The pain of ostracism–ostracism

The End

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Definition Slides

Motivation

= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct

= a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Drive-reduction Theory

= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Homeostasis

= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Incentive

= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

Hierarchy of Needs

= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Glucose

= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Set Point

= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate

= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Anorexia Nervosa

= an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Bulimia Nervosa

= an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Binge-eating Disorder

= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

Sexual Response Cycle

= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Refractory Period

= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Estrogens

= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Testosterone

= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Sexual Orientation

= an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).