university of sunderland engm91 unit 2 engm91 activity planning unit 2 engm91 activity planning unit...

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

ENGM91ENGM91

ACTIVITY PLANNING ACTIVITY PLANNING

Unit 2Unit 2

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Introduction 1Introduction 1

• The unit will cover– Work breakdown structure (WBS)– Product breakdown Structure (PBS)– An introduction to system modelling– Precedence analysis– Gantt Charts– PERT / CPA

• On Arrow Networks• Precedence Networks

• Also …..– Microsoft Project will be covered in labs

• This is based on Gantt Charts and Precedence Networks

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Introduction 2Introduction 2

– Activity Planning will help to:• ensure that the appropriate resources will be available

precisely when required• avoid different activities competing for the same

resource at the same time• produce a detailed schedule showing which staff carry

out each activity• Produce a detailed plan against which actual

achievement may be measured• produce a timed forecast• re-plan the project during its life to correct drift from a

target

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)Structure (WBS)

• WBS is the decomposition of work into progressively smaller and smaller chunks of work.

• The logical conclusion is when work cannot be usefully broken down any further for the tasks being undertaken

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Work Breakdown StructureStructure

Project

ProduceReport

ConductInvestigation

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Work Breakdown StructureStructure

• Top LevelProject

• Level 1 Conduct Investigation

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Work Breakdown StructureStructure

ConductInvestigation

Investigate hardware

Conductinterviews

Investigateother systems

Analyserequirements

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Work Breakdown StructureStructure

• Top LevelProject

• Level 1 Conduct Investigation

• Level 2 Conduct Interviews

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Work Breakdown StructureStructure

Conductinterviews

Sales manager

Managingdirector

Financedirector

Storesmanager

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Work Breakdown StructureStructure

• Top LevelProject

• Level 1 Conduct Investigation

• Level 2 Conduct Interviews

• Level 3 Interview Managing Director

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Work Breakdown StructureStructure

InterviewMD

Review data flow diagrams

Conductinterview

Write andreview notes

Create dataflow diagrams

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Work Breakdown StructureStructure

• Top LevelProject

• Level 1 Conduct Investigation

• Level 2 Conduct Interviews

• Level 3 Interview Managing Director

• Level 4 Conduct Interview

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Product Breakdown Product Breakdown Structure (PBS)Structure (PBS)

• Similar to WBS

• PBS is the break down of a product into it’s discrete components.

• a PBS can be included as part of a WBS

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Product Breakdown Product Breakdown Structure (PBS)Structure (PBS)

• An example pbs – taken from a US MIL handbook

AircraftAircraft

Fire ControlFire ControlPropulsionPropulsionAirframeAirframe

SYSTEM

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

WeaponWeapon

SUBSYSTEM

DetectDetect AimAim FireFire TrackTrack

AircraftAircraft

Fire ControlFire ControlPropulsionPropulsionAirframeAirframe

SYSTEM

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

WeaponWeapon

SUBSYSTEM

DetectDetect AimAim FireFire TrackTrack

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

System ModellingSystem Modelling

Do I feellike getting

up?

Alarm goes off

Get up and goto bathroom

Press snoozebutton

Flowchart Of Getting Up In The Morning

fig. 1

No

Yes

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

System ModellingSystem Modelling

• IDEF0

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

IDEF0IDEF0

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

WBS and PBSWBS and PBS

• WBS, PBS and system modelling will assist in an understanding of the project

• WBS and PBS must be done to allow Precedence analysis to take place

• WBS and PBS do not necessarily set the precedence of a project

• Precedence within a project should be based on what is best for the timely and economic completion of the project

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence analysisPrecedence analysis

• Must be done before an activity plan can be produced

• Reviews the activities that are to be carried out

• Decides what activities must be carried out before particular activity can start

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Gantt ChartsGantt Charts

• Developed by Henry Gantt, around 1917

• Gantt charts are easy to use and produce

• They are very useful for use on less complex projects

• Commonly used due to there simplicity

• Gantt charts are easily understood and easy to read

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Gantt ChartsGantt Charts

WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6Task 1Task 2Task 3Task 4Task 5Task 6

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Gantt ChartsGantt Charts

• Draw the following Gantt chart

Tasks Precedence Time

a - 5 days

b - 4 days

c a 6 days

d b 2 days

e b 5 days

f c,d 8 days

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Gantt ChartsGantt Charts

WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4Task aTask bTask cTask dTask eTask f

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Network planning Network planning modelsmodels

• PERT• The Program Evaluation and Review Technique

• Developed by:– US Navy with– BOOZ-Allen Hamilton and– Lockheed Corporation for the– Polaris missile/submarine project in 1958

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Network planning Network planning modelsmodels

• CPM• Critical Path Method

– Also know as CPA• Critical Path Analysis

• Developed by– DuPont Inc in the– Late fifties early sixties to facilitate– building of complex process plant

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Network planning Network planning modelsmodels

• PERT– developed for use on R&D projects

• CPM– developed for use in construction projects

• When developed the two techniques were very similar

• Now there is virtually no difference between the two

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Network planning Network planning modelsmodels

• A simple on arrow network model

1

2

3

4

5

5

5

Start End

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

TerminologyTerminology

• Activity– A specific task, uses resources takes time to

complete

• Event– The result of completing an activity– Events use no resources– They are instances in time, points on the

network, conditions of a system that can be recognised

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

TerminologyTerminology

• Network– The combination or all activities (often drawn as

lines) and events (often drawn as nodes at the beginning and end of each line) defines the project and the activity precedence relationship.

– Arrow heads placed on the lines indicate the direction of flow. Before and an event can be realised all the activities that immediately precede it must be completed

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

TerminologyTerminology

• Path– The series of connected activities (or

intermediate events) between any two events in a network

• Critical– Activities, events, or paths, which, if delayed, will

delay the completion of the project– A project’s critical path is understood to mean

that sequence of critical activities (and critical events) that connect the project’s start event to its finish event

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

TerminologyTerminology

• On Arrow Network diagram showing critical path in red

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• Time moves from left to right

• Nodes are numbered sequentially

• A network may not contain loops

• A network may not contain dangles

• Precedents are the immediate preceding activities

• Dummy activities can be used to indicate a particular precedence

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• Time moves from left to right

• Nodes are numbered sequentially

1 2 3a b

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• A network may not contain loops

1 2 3

4

This is not allowed

ab

cd

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• A network may not contain dangles

1 2 3

4This is not allowed

a b

c

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• Precedents are the immediate preceding activities

1 2 3Design Build

4Commission

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• Dummy activities can be used to indicate a particular precedence

1 2 3 Wrong

1

2

43

Right

a

b

c

a

b c

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• Draw the following as an on arrow network

Tasks Precedence Time

a - 5 days

b - 4 days

c a 6 days

d b 2 days

e b 5 days

f c,d 8 days

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• How to start …..

1

2

3

start

a

b

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• What not to do

1

2

3

start

a

b

4

5

6

c

d

e

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• A better way ……

1

2

3

start

a

b

c

d

e

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• It is then less confusing that c & d go to the same event … but what about e & f ?

1

2

3

start

a

b

4

5

6c

d

e

f

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• The completed on arrow network ….

1

2

3

start

a

b

4

5

c

de

f

end

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• Another on arrow network to drawTasks Precedence Timea - 6 weeksb - 4 weeksc a 3 weeksd b 4 weekse b 3 weeksf - 10 weeksg e,f 3 weeksh c,d 2 weeks

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• The network with activity times added

1 3 4 6

2

5

A=6C=3

B=4 D=4

F=10

E=3

G=3

H=2

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• Each event circle can contain the information below

Eventnumber

Earliestdate

Latestdate

SlackEvent

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Event numbersEvent numbers

1

2

3 4

5

6

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Timed activitiesTimed activities

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Forward passForward pass

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

0

6

4 9

10

13

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Backward passBackward pass

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

0

6

4 9

10

13 1311

10

8

70

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Event, Slack and Event, Slack and Activity FloatActivity Float

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

0

6

4 9

10

13 1311

10

8

700

2

3 2

0

0

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

The Complete On Arrow The Complete On Arrow NetworkNetwork

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

0

6

4 9

10

13 1311

10

8

700

2

3 2

0

0

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Precedence network also known as Activity on Node

• Becoming more common as it is used by many project planning software packages

• Often preferred by project managers

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Syntax the same as for On Arrow networks– Except there are no dummy activities

• Precedence networks must start with a start node and end with a end node

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• A simple precedence network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

g

h

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

• This is the same network drawn as an On Arrow network

1

2

3

4

5

5

5

Start End

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• A simple precedence network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

g

h

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Draw the following as an Precedence network

Tasks Precedence Timea - 5 daysb - 4 daysc a 6 daysd b 2 dayse b 5 daysf c,d 8 days

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• The completed Precedence Network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

• The same network drawn as an On Arrow Network

1

2

3

start

a

b

4

5

c

de

f

end

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• The completed Precedence Network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Another on precedence network to drawTasks Precedence Timea - 6 weeksb - 4 weeksc a 3 weeksd b 4 weekse b 3 weeksf - 10 weeksg e,f 3 weeksh c,d 2 weeks

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• The completed Precedence Network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

h

g

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

• This is the same network drawn as an On Arrow network

1 3 4 6

2

5

A=6C=3

B=4 D=4

F=10

E=3

G=3

H=2

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• The completed Precedence Network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

h

g

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Adding more information to the node

ES D EF

LS F LF

Earlieststart

Duration EarliestFinish

LatestStart

LatestFinish

Float

Description

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• ES = latest (largest) EF of preceding activity– e.g. event may start at day zero - this actually

means the end of day zero or the beginning of day one !!!

• EF = activity ES + activity duration• LS = activity LF – activity duration• LF = earliest (smallest) LS of subsequent

activities.• Float = LS – ES or LF – EF

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

2 6 8

4 2 10

Description

3 2 5

8 5 10

Description

8 4 12

10 2 14

Description

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

8 4 12

10 2 14

Description

12 4 16

16 4 20

Description

12 6 18

14 2 20

Description

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Redraw the following with complete information in each node box

Tasks Precedence Timea - 5 daysb - 4 daysc a 6 daysd b 2 dayse b 5 daysf c,d 8 days

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Redraw the following with complete information in each node box

Tasks Precedence Timea - 6 weeksb - 4 weeksc a 3 weeksd b 4 weekse b 3 weeksf - 10 weeksg e,f 3 weeksh c,d 2 weeks

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

ConclusionConclusion

• Activity Planning

– Precedence analysis

– On Arrow networks

– Precedence networks

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Exercise 1Exercise 1

Tasks Precedence Timea - 6 weeksb - 4 weeksc - 3 weeksd a 4 weekse b 3 weeksf b 2 weeksg c 3 weeksh d,e 2 weeksi f 1 weekj g,i 2 weeks

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Exercise 2Exercise 2

• Tasks Precedence Time• a - 3 weeks• b - 5 weeks• c a 7 weeks• d b 5 weeks• e c, d 6 weeks• f b 4 weeks• g b 8 weeks• h c, d 4 weeks• i e, f 3 weeks

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Exercise 3Exercise 3• Tasks Precedence Time• a - 2 weeks• b - 4 weeks• c - 3 weeks• d a 3 weeks• e a 5 weeks• f c 6 weeks• g c 4 weeks• h d 4 weeks• i d 8 week• j b, e, f, i 2 weeks• k - 4 weeks• l g, k 3 weeks

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Exercise 4Exercise 4

• Tasks Precedence Time• a - 3 weeks• b a 5 weeks• c a 3 weeks• d c 1 weeks• e b 3 weeks• f b, d 4 weeks• g c 2 weeks• h g, f 3 weeks• i e, h 1 weeks

University of Sunderland ENGM91 Unit 2

Exercise 5Exercise 5

• Tasks Precedence Time• a - 3 weeks• b - 5 weeks• c a 14 weeks• d a 5 weeks• e b 4 weeks• f b 7 weeks• g d, e 8 weeks• h g, f 5 weeks