upper gastro-intestinal malignancies dr paddy niblock consultant clinical oncologist 13 th october...
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Upper Gastro-Intestinal Malignancies
Dr Paddy Niblock Consultant Clinical Oncologist
13th October 2010
Sites
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
Oesophageal Cancer – Incidence
• UK 4000 deaths/year
• Male (2) : Female (1)
• Peak 60-80 years
• Median 72 years
• Increasing prevalence
• Geographical variation
Oesophageal Cancer - Incidence
Figure 1.1: Numbers of new cases and age-specific incidence rates by sex, cancer of the oesophagus, UK 2002
0
300
600
900
0-4
5-9
10
-14
15
-19
20
-24
25
-29
30
-34
35
-39
40
-44
45
-49
50
-54
55
-59
60
-64
65
-69
70
-74
75
-79
80
-84
85
+
Age at diagnosis
Nu
mb
er
of c
ase
s
0
35
70
105
140
Ra
te p
er
10
0,0
00
p
op
ula
tion
Male cases
Female cases
Male rates
Female rates
Oesophageal Cancer - Incidence
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
CyprusGreeceFinland
M altaSweden
CzechAustriaPoland
ItalyEstonia
Latv iaSloveniaGermanyDenmarkLithuaniaPortugal
SpainLuxembo
EUBelgiumSlovakiaNetherla
Ire landHungary
FranceUK
Rate per 100,000 population
Females
Males
Figure 1.2: Age-standardised incidence rates, oesophageal cancer, by sex, EU, 2002
Oesophageal Cancer - Aetiology
Oesophageal Cancer – Aetiology
• Smoking• Alcohol• Barrett’s• Tylosis palmaris• Chemical/Radiation exposure• Achalasia• Obesity• Diet
Oesophageal cancer - Symptoms
Alarm Symptoms: (Refer for early endoscopy)
• Dysphagia }
• Vomiting } 60-85%
• Anorexia }
• Weight loss } 60-70%
• GI blood loss } 20-40%
Oesophageal Cancer - Diagnosis
• Barium swallow
• Upper GI endoscopy + biopsy
Diagnosis - Barium Swallow
Diagnosis - Upper GI Endoscopy
Oesophageal Cancer - Pathology
Oesophageal Cancer - Classification
• Squamous carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma– Type 1
• Intestinal metaplasia of tubular oesophagus
– Type 2• True junctional tumours of the gastric cardia
– Type 3• Subcardial tumours which infiltrate superiorly
Oesophageal Cancer - Staging Investigations
Routine
• CT• EUS
Selected
• CXR• Abdominal US• MRI• Bronchoscopy• Laparoscopy• PET
Staging – CT scan
Staging - EUS
Staging – EUS
Oesophageal Cancer - TNM StagingPrimary Tumour (T) invadesT1 l.propria/submucosaT2 m.propriaT3 adventitiaT4 adjacent structures
Regional LNs (N)N1 1/2 nearby nodesN2 3-6 nearby nodesN3 >7 nearby nodes
Metastases (M)M1 distant spread
Oesophageal Cancer – Treatment
Multidisciplinary Approach
• Surgery
• Radiotherapy
• Chemotherapy
• Stent
Oesophageal Cancer - Surgery
• A) Ivor-Lewis approach resulting in an anastomosis in the chest
• B) Three-field
oesophagectomy with anastomosis in the neck,
• C) Transhiatal approach, avoids a thoracotomy.
Surgery cont.
• Other approaches
– Endoscopic mucosal resection– Limited resection for early disease– Laparoscopic oesophagectomy
• AIM : R0 resection
However ….
• Irrespective of histology
• 5 year OS with surgery alone 5 – 20%
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy
• High energy photon X-rays
• CT plan patient in treatment position
• Targeted to include tumour +/- nodes
• Treats microscopic disease
• Radical v palliative
Radiotherapy - Side Effects
• Fatigue
• Dysphagia / odynophagia
• Nausea
• Skin reaction
Chemotherapy
• Neoadjuvant / Peri-operative
• Concurrent with radiotherapy
• Palliative
Other Treatments
Palliative
• Brachytherapy
• Stents
• Laser / PDT
• Dilation
Oesophageal Stent
Survival
0
10
20
30
15-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-99
Age at diagnosis
% s
urv
ivin
g
Males Females
Figure 3.2: Five-year relative survival for patients diagnosed with oesophageal cancer in England and Wales during 1986-1990 by age at diagnosis
Gastric Cancer - Incidence
• 6th commonest cancer in men
• 7th in women
• Male (3) : Female (2)
• Declining incidence
• Geographical variation
Gastric Cancer - Aetiology
• Diet
• H. pylori
• Smoking
• F.A.P.
• Barrett’s oesophagitis
• Pernicious Anaemia
Helicobacter pylori
Gastric Cancer – Diagnosis
• UGIE
• Japanese routinely screen
Upper GI Endoscopy T1
Gastric Cancer T2N1
Linitis Plastica
Gastric Cancer - Pathology
• Adenocarcinomas 90%
• Lymphomas up to 8%
• Leiomyosarcomas 1-3%
• GISTs
Gastric Cancer – Staging
• CT
• EUS
• Laparoscopy
Gastric Cancer – Treatment
Multidisciplinary Approach
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
Treatment - Curative
SURGERY
Stomach• Oesophagogastrectomy• Gastrectomy• Partial gastrectomy
Nodes• Limited (UK)• Extensive (Japan)
CHEMOTHERAPY
Consider peri-operative
chemotherapy in fit
patients
Treatment - Chemotherapy
Peri-operative
• survival advantage in fit patients
Palliative
Treatment - Palliative
Radiotherapy
• Bleeding
• Painful bone metastases
Chemotherapy
Stents
Laser
Surgery
Useful Websites
www.sign.ac.uk
www.cancerbacup.org.uk
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