urban energy metabolism using ecological network analysis
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Urban Energy Metabolism using Ecological Network Analysis: Case study of four Chinese
cities
Brian D. Fath Biology Department, Towson University, Maryland, USA
Dynamic Systems Program, IIASA, Austria
Yan Zhang, Zhifeng Yang, Shengsheng Li
School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, China
Outline
1)Thermodynamics and sustainability2)Complex Systems Cycle3)Cities as Complex Systems4)Ecological Network Analysis5)Case study of four Chinese cities
Urban Metabolism and networks
1. Thermodynamics and sustainability
Natural and human systems build and maintain order by taking in high quality energy, using it, and passing degraded energy outside the system boundary.
Our society is dependent on the energy flows that support it AND having a sink for the waste.
System(human or
natural)
High qualityEnergy Input
Low qualityEnergy output (heat)
Urban Metabolism and networks
Exergy
stored
Connectedness
Exploitation – pioneer stage
Conservation – mature stage
Release –creativedestruction
Reorganization
Urban Metabolism and networks
Develop-
mental
potential
Connectedness
Developmental potential declines during the successional cycle
Urban Metabolism and networks
Ecosystem dynamics as a guide for socio-ecological design and development
• Increase in structure• Increase in network connectivity• Increase in information• Increase in cycling of energy and material• Increase in energy capture, use, and dissipation
• Decrease in net productivity• Decrease in Production/Respiration• Decrease in Production/Biomass
Urban Metabolism and networks
3. Cities as complex systems
“Urban planning is a problem of handling organized complexity”
Jane Jacobs, 1961
Many interacting parts, fine grained, local interactions, emergent properties.
Urban Metabolism and networks
Chicago Pop. growth
1850 - 30,0001870 - 300,000 1890 - 1,000,000 1920 - 2,000,000
the rebuilding that began almost immediately spurred Chicago's development into one of the most populous and economically important American and international cities
Fire 1871
Chicago as a CAS
Other Socio-ecological examples:
• San Francisco Earthquake 1906• Hurricane Katrina 2005• Oil shock - Suburban Sprawl 21st
Century
Path Analysis -enumerates number of
pathways in a network
Flow Analysis (gij = fij/Tj) – identifies flow intensities
along indirect pathways
4. Ecological Network Analysis
Storage Analysis (cij = fij/xj) – identifies storage intensities along indirect
pathways
Utility Analysis (dij = (fij-fji)/Ti) – identifies utility intensities along indirect
pathways
Urban Metabolism and networks
x1
x2x3 f32
f13
z1
y3 y2
f21
f31
y1
A
0 0 1
1 0 0
1 1 0
F
f
f
f f
0 0
0 0
0
13
21
31 32
z
z
1
0
0
y
y
y
y
1
2
3
x
x
x
x
1
2
3
Input Output Storage
Internal flows
Connections
Urban Metabolism and networks
Network Analysis
System of interacting components
Quantify direct and indirect effects
Identify system-level relations
Depo sited
De tritus
x2 = 1 00 0.0 0
Filter
Feed e rs
x 1 = 2 00 0.0 0
M eio fau na
x4 = 2 4.1 21 40
M icro biota
x3 = 2 .41 21
Depo sit
Feed e rs
x5 = 1 6.2 74 0
Preda tors
x6 = 6 9.2 36 7
z1 = 4 1.4 69 7
y4 = 3 .57 94
y5 = 0 .43 03
y6 = 0 .35 94
y3 = 5 .76 00
y2 = 6 .17 59
y1 = 2 5.1 64 6
f26
= 0 .32 62f
21 = 1 5.7 91 5
f61
= 0 .51 35
f25 = 1 .90 76
f32
= 8 .17 21
f65 = 0 .17 21
f52 = 0 .64 31
f42 = 7 .27 45f54 = 0 .66 09
f24 = 4 .24 03
f53
= 1 .20 60
f43
= 1 .20 60
Directed,
weighted
flows of
conservative material (energy)
Internal Flows: F=(fij)Boundary Input Z=(zj)Boundary Output Y=(yi)Total Throughflow: Ti=Storages: X=(xi)
f zij jj
Urban Metabolism and networks
Network Indirect Effects
Flow: N = G0 + G + G2 + G3 + G4 + …
Storage Q = P0 + P + P2 + P3 + P4 + …
Utility: U = D0 + D + D2 + D3 + D4 + …
integral = initial + direct + indirect
input
Flow: N = (I – G)–1
Storage: Q = (I – P)–1
Utility: U = (I – D)–1
gij=fij/Tj, pij=(fij/xj)Δt dij=(fij–fji)/Ti,
D epo sited
D e tritus
x2 = 1 00 0.0 0
Filter
Feed e rs
x 1 = 2 00 0.0 0
M eio fau na
x4 = 2 4.1 21 40
M icro biota
x3 = 2 .41 21
D epo sit
Feed e rs
x5 = 1 6.2 74 0
Preda tors
x6 = 6 9.2 36 7
z1 = 4 1.4 69 7
y4 = 3 .57 94
y5 = 0 .43 03
y6 = 0 .35 94
y3 = 5 .76 00
y2 = 6 .17 59
y1 = 2 5.1 64 6
f26
= 0 .32 62f
21 = 1 5.7 91 5
f61
= 0 .51 35
f25 = 1 .90 76
f32
= 8 .17 21
f65 = 0 .17 21
f52 = 0 .64 31
f42 = 7 .27 45f54 = 0 .66 09
f24 = 4 .24 03
f53
= 1 .20 60
f43
= 1 .20 60
Urban Metabolism and networks
Identify Relations
Direct and integral
relations
Depo sited
De tritus
x2 = 1 00 0.0 0
Filter
Feed e rs
x 1 = 2 00 0.0 0
M eio fau na
x4 = 2 4.1 21 40
M icro biota
x3 = 2 .41 21
Depo sit
Feed e rs
x5 = 1 6.2 74 0
Preda tors
x6 = 6 9.2 36 7
z1 = 4 1.4 69 7
y4 = 3 .57 94
y5 = 0 .43 03
y6 = 0 .35 94
y3 = 5 .76 00
y2 = 6 .17 59
y1 = 2 5.1 64 6
f26
= 0 .32 62f
21 = 1 5.7 91 5
f61
= 0 .51 35
f25 = 1 .90 76
f32
= 8 .17 21
f65 = 0 .17 21
f52 = 0 .64 31
f42 = 7 .27 45f54 = 0 .66 09
f24 = 4 .24 03
f53
= 1 .20 60
f43
= 1 .20 60
sD
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
sU
predation
neutralism
Urban Metabolism and networks
Assess mutualism
sD
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
sU
Direct utility Integral utility
Zero sum More positive signs
( )( ) ,
( )
S FJ F
S F
( ) max( ( ( )) 0)
( ) ( min( ( ( )) 0))
iji j
iji j
S F sign u F
S F sign u F
Network Mutualism occurs when J(F)>1:
more positive relations than negative ones
Oyste
r Exam
ple
10
10)( FJ
11
25)( FJ
Urban Metabolism and networks
Find Utility regime
Systems with multiple values for J(F)
Each J(F) value represents a possible regime for system
Find regime that maximizes J(F)
sU3
sU2
sU1
J F( )1
7
2 J F( )
3
5
4J F( )
2
6
3
x2
x3
x1
sU
?
?
Example:
Urban Metabolism and networks
5. Urban Metabolism:
Case study of Four Chinese Cities
Urban Metabolism and networks
Zhang et al. 2010. Ecol. Model. 1865-1879.
Beijing
Chongqing
Shanghai
Tianjin
Energy
transformation
sector
Energy
exploitation
sector
I ndustrial
sector
P rimary energySeco nd ar y ene rg y
Input
Output
Input
LossLoss
Loss
By pr odu c t r eso ur ce re co ve ry
B yp ro du ct resou rce recove ry
L iving
sector
P rimary energy
Primary energy
Secon da ry en e rgy
By pr od uc t r eso ur ce r ecov e ry
B yproduct
resource
recovery
Loss
Byp roduct r
es ource
recove ry
Input
Output
Input
Output
Output
Conceptual model of urban energy metabolic processes
Urban Metabolism and networks
L iving sector
i=4
I ndustrial
sector
i=3
E nergy
exploitation
sector
i= 1
y1
f41
f21 f 31
z1
f 25
z2 y2
z4
z 3
f32
f35
f54
Energy
transformation
sector
i= 2
R ecovery
i=5
f42 f 52
f53
Ecological network of urban energy metabolism
Urban Metabolism and networks
Beijing (FB) Shanghai (FS)1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.087 0 0 0 0 2 0.093 0 0 0 1.0363 0 1.929 0 0 0 3 0.009 2.946 0 0 0.0084 0 0.080 0 0 0 4 0 0.143 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0.004 1.032 0.008 0
Tianjin (FT) Chongqing (FC)1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.517 0 0 0 0.080 2 1.425 0 0 0 0.0823 0.024 1.045 0 0 0.119 3 1.514 0.627 0 0 0.3464 0 0.175 0 0 0 4 0.106 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0.199 0 0 5 0 0.001 0.427 0 0
Direct flows among sectors (units: 107 t standard coal eq.)
0.070
0.553
0.272 0.105
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
1
2
3+4
5
0.008
0.047
0.602
0.308
0.035
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
1
2
3+4
5
0.013
0.208
0.521
0.236 0.023
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
1
2
3+4
5
0.739
0.046
0.139
0.042
0.034
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
1
2
3+4
5
Beijing Shanghai
Tianjin
Chongqing
Ecological structure of the urban energy metabolic system.
Sectors: 1 energy exploitation; 2 energy transformation; 3 industrial;
4 household; 5 recovery.
Urban Metabolism and networks
Beijing sgn(UB) Shanghai sgn(US)1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
1 + – + + 0 1 + – + + –
2 + + – – 0 2 + + – – +
3 + + + – 0 3 + + + – –
4 + + – + 0 4 + + – + +
5 0 0 0 0 0 5 – – + + +
Tianjin sgn(UT) Chongqing sgn(UC)1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
1 + – + + – 1 + – – – –
2 + + – – + 2 + + – – +
3 + + + – – 3 + + + – –
4 + + – + + 4 + – – + –
5 – – + + + 5 – – + + +
Integral relations for urban metabolic systems
Sectors: 1 energy exploitation; 2 energy transformation; 3 industrial;
4 households; 5 recovery
Urban Metabolism and networks
2.25
11)(
BUJ
92.013
12)(
CUJ
78.19
16)(
TUJ
78.19
16)(
SUJ
Conclusions
Cities dependent on energy resources
Urban trophic structure mostly inverted
Additional energy recovery systems needed
3 of 4 cities showed mutualistic metabolic relations
Households and industry always in competition for energy
Urban Metabolism and networks
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