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Urban Traffic
Calming
Olivier Bellefleur
François Gagnon
CPHA, Edmonton
June 11th, 2012
Motorized Traffic and Health:
Implementing Interventions to Mitigate Impacts
Outline
Traffic calming: definitions
Political dimensions
The literature review
Health inequalities
-------------------------------------------
Workshop
2
A concept with various uses
3
http://www.ncchpp.ca/175/Publications.ccnpps?id_article=648
1. Calmed new
developments: e.g.
Radburn, N.J.
Source: Wikimedia
Author: Fgrammen
A concept with various uses
4
http://www.ncchpp.ca/175/Publications.ccnpps?id_article=648
“Retrofitting” of existing
street networks through
2. discrete measures
3. systemic measures
Our working definition of traffic calming
5
Interventions on street
networks that involve the
installation of various
measures in order to
reduce speed or volumes
of motorized vehicles
according to one of two
broad approaches:
– Black-spots
– Area-wide
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e:
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pher:
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e:
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pher:
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e:
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pher:
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Our working definition of traffic calming
6
Interventions on street
networks that involve the
installation of various
measures in order to
reduce speed or volumes
of motorized vehicles
according to one of two
approaches:
Area-wide
Black-spots
Sourc
e:
City
of
Edm
onto
n,
2008,
p.
29.
Sourc
e:
Depart
ment
for
Tra
nsport
, 1999,
p.2
.
Political dimensions
7
Part of strategy to
mitigate impacts
of more car-km
Part of a
strategy to
reduce car-km
Sourc
e:
City
of
Edm
onto
n,
2008,
p.
29.
Sourc
e:
Depart
ment
for
Tra
nsport
, 1999,
p.2
.
http://www.ncchpp.ca/175/publica
tions.ccnpps?id_article=670
Political dimensions
8
Municipal de-normalization of
50km/hr speed limit on residential streets
State codifications of reduced speeds and
new hierarchies of uses of residential streets
Source: Department for Transport, 1999, p.2.
What are the effects of these
two approaches?
Our literature review:
• Methodology
• Logic model
• Results
9
http://www.ncchpp.ca/175/Publications.ccnpps?id_article=686
10
Methodology
1. Systematic search of peer-reviewed (n=19) and
grey literature (n=10) for evaluative studies of
urban traffic-calming interventions on four
determinants of health:
Collisions
Sourc
e:
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.
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gra
pher:
P:B
!rch.
Sourc
e:
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.
Photo
gra
pher:
Info
Cog.
Air quality
Sourc
e:
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com
.
Photo
gra
pher:
beefy
_n1
.
Noise
Sourc
e:
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w.flic
kr.
com
.
Photo
gra
pher:
Velo
vote
e.
Active
transportation
Methodology
2. A broader search for
peer-reviewed (n=36) and
grey literature (n=38) to
identify:
• research gaps
• methodological issues
• mechanisms of action
11
3. A comparison of
the black-spots and
the area-wide
appoaches
Sourc
e:
Abbott e
t al.,
1995,
p.
9.
E.g., The relationship between speed and
noise
Logic model
12
PRINCIPAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION
EFFECTS ON HEALTH DETERMINANTS
Black-spots approach
TRAFFIC-CALMING POLICY
Reduction of volumes
Reduction of the number and severity of collisions
Reduction of environmental noise
Reduction of speeds Improvement of air quality
Increase in active transportation
Area-wide approach
13
Results: Collisions
• Black-spots and area-wide: substantial reductions in the
number and severity of collisions for all users of the
streets (drivers, cyclists, pedestrians, children, etc.).
Single-lane roundabout:
-77% injury collisions (Retting et al., 2001)
Sourc
e:
ww
w.flic
kr.
com
.
Photo
gra
pher:
WS
DO
T
399 20-mph (32-km/h)
zones in London:
-42% injury collisions
(-49% children) (Grundy et al., 2009)
Sourc
e:
Gru
ndy
et
al.,
2009,
p.
2.
Effectiveness and scale
14
Pedestrian black spots* (1999-2003)
Sites where 8 or more pedestrians were injured (37)
*Victim of a road crash that resulted in an
intervention by Urgences-santé
Projection: NAD83, MTM zone 8
Sources: City of Montréal, Urgences-santé
Cartographic prod.: MS Cloutier, 2004
©Direction de santé publique de Montréal
Road network
(Adapted from Morency & Drouin, 2008) (Adapted from Morency & Drouin, 2008)
15
Results: Air quality
• Black-spots and area-wide: increase in
per vehicle emissions (CO2, VOC, CO,
NOX, PM), for most interventions (speed
reduction & speed variations).
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e:
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rg.
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gra
pher:
Dan B
urd
en.
An exception:
Replacing stop sings
with a mini-roundabout
• Ambient air quality: little or no effect.
• Area-wide: can reduce overall emissions
(volume reduction).
16
Results: Noise
• Cars: noise reduction, for most interventions (speed
reduction).
Vertical deflections:
• residential streets
• heavy vehicles Source: www.pedbikeimages.org.
Photographer: Dan Burden.
• Heavy vehicles: noise increase, for most interventions
(speed variations and/or vertical deflections).
17
Results: Active transportation
• Perceived road safety: amelioration for pedestrians, parents, and drivers.
A narrowing
adapted for cyclists
Sourc
e:
ww
w.flic
kr.
com
.
Photo
gra
pher:
Gre
g R
ais
man.
• Cyclists: concerned about horizontal deflections and narrowings forcing them closer to moving vehicles.
• Number of active trips: uncertain effects.
• Physical activity: uncertain effects.
Summary
Intervention logic:
18
PRINCIPAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION
EFFECTS ON HEALTH DETERMINANTS
Black-spots approach
TRAFFIC-CALMING POLICY
Reduction of volumes
Reduction of the number and severity of collisions
Reduction of environmental noise
Reduction of speeds Improvement of air quality
Increase in active transportation
Area-wide approach
Trucks
Cars
Evidence:
All street users
Total emission, with traffic
volume reductions
Per vehicle emissions
Little or no effect on air
quality
# of active trips and
physical activity
Perceived safety (most
users)
Most promising intervention: •Area wide
•Reduces speeds
•Reduces speed variations
•Reduces traffic volume
•Reduces health inequalities
Transportation and inequalities
Inequalities between who and who?
19
• Socio-economic status (SES)
• Income
• Racial traits
• Place of residence
• Mode of transportation
• Age
• Gender
• …
Inequalities of what? • Accessibility
• Collisions, injuries, fatalities
• Air quality
• Noise
• Perceived safety (motorists, cyclists, children, etc.)
• ...
E.g. Collision-related injuries
by Socio-Economic Status group (SES)
20
CIHI, 2008, p.46.
E.g. Noisy or polluted
neighbourhoods by income
21
CIHI, 2011, p.11.
Explanations?
• Traffic volume
• Traffic speed
• Street designs
• Grid pattern
• Etc.
Sourc
e:
NC
CH
PP
.
Photo
gra
pher:
Fra
nçois
Gagnon.
Sourc
e:
NC
CH
PP
.
Photo
gra
pher:
Fra
nçois
Gagnon.
How can traffic calming
reduce inequalities? • Black-spots approach:
– Locations at high risk for collisions are often in low
SES neighbourhoods.
23
Promising strategy to reduce
collision-related injuries
(correlation to inequalities),
but not evaluated
% in
ters
ectio
ns w
ith
art
eri
al
str
ee
ts o
r h
igh
tra
ffic
Ave
rag
e n
um
be
r o
f
inju
rie
s/in
ters
ectio
n
Average income Lowest Highest
Pedestrians
Cyclists
Arterial streets
High traffic
Adapted from Morency, 2009, p.31.
Distribution of collision-related injuries in Montréal
How can traffic calming
reduce inequalities?
24
Collision-related injuries
2 positive evaluations
• Area-wide approach: Giving priority to low SES neighbourhoods:
Promising, but not
evaluated
Pollution (air & noise)
Perceived safety
E.g. 399 20-mph zones
in London, U.K.
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5
Least deprived
Most deprived
% of km of street by deprivation quintile covered by
20-mph zones in 2006
Source of data:
Grundy et al., 2008, p.39.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1 2 3 4 5
Least deprived
Most deprived
Pre
vente
d inju
ries
Prevented injuries in 2006
Adjacent streets
In 20-mph zones
Source of data:
Grundy et al., 2008, p.40.
26
E.g. Two similar cities, U.K.
Most affluent
Most deprived 0
2
4
6
8
10
1992-1994 1995-1997
1998-2000
Child
pedestr
ian in
jury
rate
(4
-16 y
ear
old
s;
0/0
0)
City A (U.K.)
Source of data:
Jones et al., 2005
Most affluent
Most deprived 0
2
4
6
8
10
1992-1994 1995-1997
1998-2000
Child
pedestr
ian n
jury
rate
(4
-16 y
ear
old
s;
0/0
0)
City B (U.K.)
Source of data:
Jones et al., 2005
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Most affluent
Next affluent
Next deprived
Most deprived
Density
(n.b
. tr
aff
ic c
alm
ing
mesure
s/s
treet km
)
City A
City B
Source of data:
Jones et al., 2005
Distribution of traffic-calming measures by SES zones
Unintended effects on
inequalities?
People of low SES tend
to be overrepresented
near major roads
+
Burdens from
transportation are
already high
27
Intervention logic:
PRINCIPAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION
EFFECTS ON HEALTH DETERMINANTS
Black-spots approach
TRAFFIC-CALMING POLICY
Reduction of volumes
Reduction of the number and severity of collisions
Reduction of environmental noise
Reduction of speeds Improvement of air quality
Increase in active transportation
Area-wide approach
Modal transfer (to cycling, …)
Traffic diversion (from one
local street to another or from
local streets to major roads)
A simple framework…
28
…near the intervention? …where some of the
motorized traffic might be
diverted?
What are the anticipated effects
of an intervention on the main
determinants of health...
Positive effects:
Negative effects:
Traffic diversion: Yes/No?
Positive effects:
Negative effects:
Who lives, works, studies, etc.,...
Who benefits?
Who bears the burden?
Traffic diversion: Yes/No?
Who benefits?
Who bears the burden?
Who travels by what mode (car,
cycling, walking, etc.)...
Who benefits?
Who bears the burden?
Traffic diversion: Yes/No?
Who benefits?
Who bears the burden?
…with a temporal dimension
29
…near the
intervention?
…where some of the
motorized traffic might
be diverted?
What are the anticipated
effects of an
intervention on the main
determinants of health...
Positive effects:
Negative effects:
Traffic diversion:
Yes/No?
Positive effects:
Negative effects:
Who lives, works,
studies, etc.,...
Who benefits?
Who bears the burden?
Traffic diversion:
Yes/No?
Who benefits?
Who bears the burden?
Who travels by what
mode (car, cycling,
walking, etc.)...
Who benefits?
Who bears the burden?
Traffic diversion:
Yes/No?
Who benefits?
Who bears the burden?
Short term
Medium term
Long term
Effects over time?
Traffic patterns over time?
Mode split over time?
Movement of vulnerable
populations over time?
References
• Abbott, P., Tyler, J., & Layfield, R. (1995). Traffic calming: vehicle noise emissions alongside speed control cushions and road humps (Report No.
TRL 180). Crowthorne, Berkshire: Transport Research Laboratory.
• Bellefleur, O. & Gagnon, F. (2011). Urban Traffic Calming and Health: A Literature Review. Montréal: National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public
Policy. Retrieved from: http://www.ncchpp.ca/docs/ReviewLiteratureTrafficCalming_En.pdf
• Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2008). Reducing Gaps in Health: A Focus on Socio-Economic Status in Urban Canada. Ottawa: CIHI.
Retrieved from: http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/products/Reducing_Gaps_in_Health_Report_EN_081009.pdf
• Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2011). Urban Physical Environments and Health Inequalities. Ottawa: CIHI. Retrieved from:
http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/products/cphi_urban_physical_environments_en.pdf
• Department for Transport. (1999). Leigh Park Area Safety Scheme, Havant, Hampshire (Report No. Traffic Advisory Leaflet 2/99). London: TSO.
Retrieved from: http://www.ukroads.org/webfiles/TAL%202-99%20Leigh%20Park%20Area%20Safety%20Scheme%20-%20Havant%20-
%20Hampshire.pdf
• Edmonton, the City of. (2008). Motor Vehicle Collisions 2007. Edmonton. Retrieved from:
http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/RoadsTraffic/2007_Annual_Collision_Report_FINAL.pdf
• Gagnon, F. & Bellefleur, O. (2011a). Traffic Calming: An Equivocal Concept. Montréal: National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy. Retrieved
from: http://www.ncchpp.ca/docs/ConceptTrafficCalming_EN.pdf
• Gagnon, F. & Bellefleur, O. (2011b). Traffic Calming: Political Dimensions. Montréal: National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy. Retrieved
from: http://www.ncchpp.ca/docs/PolDimensions_TrafficCalming_En.pdf
• Grundy, C., Steinbach, R., Edwards, P., Green, J., Armstrong, B., & Wilkinson, P. (2009). Effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road injuries in
London, 1986-2006: controlled interrupted time series analysis. BMJ, 339, b4469. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4469
• Grundy, C., Steinbach, R., Edwards, P., Wilkinson, P., & Green, J. (2008). The Effect of 20 mph zones on Inequalities in Road Casualties in London: A
report to the London Road Safety Unit. London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Retrieved from:
http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/the-effect-of-20-mph_-zones-on-inequalities_in-road-casualties-in-london.pdf
• Jones, S. J., Lyons, R. A., John, A., & Palmer, S. R. (2005). Traffic calming policy can reduce inequalities in child pedestrian injuries: database study.
Injury Prevention, 11, 152-156. doi: 10.1136/ip.2004.007252
• Morency, P. (2009). Blessés de la route, des inégalités qui s’expliquent. Développement social, 10(2), 31.
• Morency, P. & Drouin, L. (2008). Traffic Calming. Evidence for Action. Presentation at the workshop Evidence and policy making at Journées annuelles
de santé publique. Retrieved from: http://www.ncchpp.ca/docs/PMorency_LDrouin_TAaisement_EN.pdf
• Retting, R. A., Bhagwant, P. N., Garder, P. E., & Lord, D. (2001). Crash and Injury Reduction Following Installation of Roundabouts in the United States.
American Journal of Public Health, 91(4), 628-631.
30
Thanks!
Olivier Bellefleur
514-864-1600, ext. 3635
Olivier.bellefleur@inspq.qc.ca
François Gagnon
514-864-1600, ext. 3627
Francois.gagnon@inspq.qc.ca
Our documents are available in French and English online at:
www.ncchpp.ca.
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