urbanization & political machine 2011

•Do you think that progress is always for the good of society?

Explain •give an example to back up your claim

&

• Melting pot: theory that US is a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blend together to become American.

• Truth-many do not give up their customs

• Might be more like a salad bowl

• Anti-immigration feelings grow

• Nativism-idea that native-born Americans are better

• Xenophobia-fear of foreigners

• Wanted immigration from the right countries: Britain, Germany, Scandinavia

• Not wrong: Slav, Latin, Asian

• Natives: Anglo Saxon and Protestant

• New Immigrants: Jewish, Catholic, and Slav and Asian

• Chinese look different: physical features, hair, dress

• Feared they were taking jobs away from Native born Americans

Limiting Immigration• 1882 passed the Chinese

Exclusion Act-banned all entry of Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials

• 1902-banned all Chinese immigration until 1943.

• Asians went to segregated schools

• 1907-08 Gentlemen’s Agreement-limits Japanese immigration

• Immigrants moved to the cities this produced urbanization: rapid growth of cities

• People also moving from the country to cities

• Housing (tenements)– Row housing-houses

built so that they are connected and share walls

– Dumbbell houses-housing that is shaped like a dumbbell (includes air vents in the middle)

• People use air vents to dump sewage

– Crime increases (gangs)

• Need public transportation for everyone– Horses create a mess

in the street• 10lbs of manure per

horse per day

– Create street cars and later subways for cities

• Need clean drinking water

• Trash is in the street– Not uncommon to

see a dead horse in the street

– Children play in the street

• Start insisting on indoor plumbing

Fires• Water shortage,

houses built together and of wood=big chance for a fire

• Both Chicago and San Francisco had huge devastating fires

• Settlement houses-community centers in slums that provide assistance, especially to immigrants.– Provided: educational, cultural,

and social services

• Jane Addams founded Hull house in Chicago– An important settlement house.

• Women's Movement: worked for suffrage, temperance (no alcohol), insane, poor

•  E. C. Stanton/S. B. Anthony pushed for suffrage amendment

•  Lucy Stone pushed suffrage state by state

•  Wyoming: 1st state to allow women's voting

•   West more democratic: Colorado (1893), Idaho/Utah (1896)

• Booker T. Washington: self-improvement before racial equality – Racism will end if African

Americans prove useful to society

•  WEB Dubois: established NAACP for work for racial equality

• Dubois Washington

• Plessy v. Ferguson: established “separate but equal” clause in 1896 – Made segregation

legal– Jim Crow laws

develop-separates public and private facilities

• Political machine was an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city

• offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.

• Machine was run by a boss

• It was like a pyramid

• At the top was the city boss who controlled jobs in police, fire, and sanitation, and controlled the city government.

• They tried to help immigrant problems and so won immigrant votes and loyalty.

• It was like the mob• You had to go

through the boss to get things in a city: new businesses, licenses, inspections, money for schools, hospitals, etc.

• The machine then got paid for providing these governmental services

• To keep the machine running they falsified elections– Put in names of dog, children, and dead

people– Had more votes than registered voters

• Used kickbacks– Machine would chose a worker that

contracted for a government job, the worker would charge more than necessary and kick back a fee to the political machine

• William “Boss” Tweed became one of the most powerful bosses

• He headed Tammany Hall in New York– Democratic party in

New York

• Tweed-le-dee and Tilden-dumA Harper's Weekly cartoon depicts Tweed as a police officer saying to two boys, "If all the people want is to have somebody arrested, I'll have you plunderers convicted. You will be allowed to escape, nobody will be hurt, and then Tilden will go to the White House and I to Albany as Governor."

• Tweed ring pocket $200 million from the city in kickbacks and payoffs

• Newspapers and cartoonists attacked him

• Finally arrested and died in jail