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Urinalysis Lab report
Areeba Masroor
BIO 2312 – OL23Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday
2:30 pm to 5:00 pm
Introduction
The human body is an amazing machine which continuously carries out many processes
every day, and like most machines, it needs energy in order to function. Most of this energy is
derived through the consumption of food. It is very good at filtering and extracting necessary
resources it requires. Food is processed by the digestive system, which extracts water and
compresses waste products. The urinary system is responsible for the excretion of liquid waste.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Urine is formed
in the kidneys when blood is filtered through the nephrons. The urine is then transferred to the
bladder via the ureters where it is temporarily stored in the muscular sac. During urination, the
urine travels from the bladder through the urethra where it is excreted from the body.
A urinalysis is a clinical test of a sample of urine. Completing one is useful in diagnosing
a variety of underlying diseases, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney diseases (such as
kidney stones), and even diabetes. There is a multitude of tests and examinations involved in a
urinalysis, including analyzing the sample’s appearance, concentration, and content. Through
several chemical tests, it is possible to identify various properties and composition of the sample,
including the pH, the presence of organic and non-organic compounds, and specific gravity of
the sample. Abnormalities in the sample are what help identify disease. For example, the
presence of blood in the sample is indicative of a UTI.
The purpose of this lab is to analyze and compare a normal urine sample with abnormal
samples and compose a diagnosis of the varying results found.
Materials and Methods
Disposable gloves
“Normal urine” sample
“Specimens/ abnormal urine” sample
Wide-range pH paper
Urinometer
Test tubes
Test rack
Test tube holders
10cc graduated cylinders
Test reagents for sulfates: 10%
barium chloride solution, diluted
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Hot plate
500 ml beaker
Test reagents for phosphates: dilute
nitric acid (HNO3) diluted
ammonium molybdate
Glass stirring rod
Test reagents for chloride: 3.0%
silver nitrate solution (AgNO3)
Test reagents for urea: concentrated
nitric acid dropper bottle
Test reagent for glucose
Timer
For this lab, prepare dipsticks and perform chemical tests to determine the characteristics
of a normal urine sample along with the abnormal urine samples. The normal urine sample
will be the standard to examine and compare the other sample to. Record observations and
complete the chart for each sample provided.
Identify the physical characteristics of urine in terms of color, transparency and odor.
Using the pH paper determine the pH for each sample. Determine the specific gravity/
density of the urine samples using the urinometer cylinder and float. Fill the urinometer
cylinder two-thirds with a well-mixed content form the urine sample.
Identifying inorganic constitutes in the urine samples:
Sulfate: Using a 10-cc graduated cylinder, add 5 ml of urine to a test tube, and then add a few
drops of dilute hydrochloric acid and 2 ml of 10% barium chloride solution. Formation of white
precipitate indicates sulfate is present in the sample. (Marieb, Mitchell, Smith, 2014)
Phosphate: Obtain a hot plate and a 500-ml beaker. To prepare the hot water bath, half fill the
beaker with tap water and heat it on the hot plate. Add 5 ml of urine to a test tube, and then add
three or four drops of dilute nitric acid and 3 ml of ammonium molybdate. Mix well with a glass
stirring rod, and then heat gently in a hot water bath. Formation of a yellow precipitate indicates
the presence of phosphates in the sample. (Marieb, Mitchell, Smith, 2014)
Chlorides: Place 5 ml of urine in a test tube and add several drops of silver nitrate. The
appearance of a white precipitate (silver chloride) is a positive test for chlorides. (Marieb,
Mitchell, Smith, 2014)
Nitrates: Use the dipstick to test for nitrites.
Identifying organic constituents in the urine sample with the dipstick: Glucose, Ketones,
Blood/Hemoglobin, Bilirubin, Leukocytes, Urobilinogen
Results
Discussion and Conclusion
The standard urine sample provided in the lab matches all the normal values of normal
values of the chart. Compared to the normal sample provided there was apparent deviation of
physical characteristics observed in the abnormal sample 1. The color was dark comparatively
and less transparent. The pH and the specific gravity were within normal ranges. Organic
components, glucose, ketone, hemoglobin, and bilirubin were found in the abnormal sample 1.
Abnormal sample 2 was had a less obvious difference in appearance from the normal
sample urine. The color was slightly more yellow. The level of transparency observed for both
samples were the same, slightly cloudy. Although the pH of the second sample was much higher,
above the normal range, 8.5. The average pH value of urine is 6.0, which is acidic. A high
vegetation diet may be responsible for the increase in the alkalinity of the urine, another
possibility is a bacterial infection in the urinary tract. The specific gravity of the second urine
sample was within the range of the normal values, 1.005. The second urine sample had positive
results for glucose, hemoglobin, bilirubin, and ictotest.
The presence of high amount of glucose indicates high blood sugar levels, a condition
known as glycosuria. This individual might be experiencing diabetes. Both abnormal samples 1
and 2 showed positive results for the presence of ketone. Finding trace amounts of ketone bodies
in urine is not abnormal, however the presences of high amounts of ketonuria indicates
occurrence of abnormal metabolic processes. This can be due to a low food intake or a new diet.
In addition to glycosuria, the finding of ketonuria often leads to the diagnosis of diabetes
mellitus.
Finding of blood in urine most often indicates abnormality in the urinary tract, the cause
can be an infection, a tumor, or kidney stones. However, if blood is found in the urine of a
female patient another possibility to consider is that she can be menstruating. “Hemoglobinuria
indicates various pathological conditions including hemolytic anemias, transfusion reactions,
burns, poisonous snake bites, or renal disease.” (Marieb, Mitchell, Smith, 2014). Both urine
samples, 1 and 2 show positive results for bilirubin. This indicates abnormalities pertaining to the
liver. Based on the results we can narrow a diagnosis for both urine samples.
References
Marieb, Elaine Nicpon, et al. Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual: Fetal Pig Version. 11th ed., Pearson, 2014.
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