u.s. attitudes after the world wars

Double V Campaign• V is for Victory over fascism in

Europe

• V is for Victory over racism at home

• Civil Rights philosophy of the troops in WWII

Cold War Intro.VocabSee Page 436 or dictionary

1. Satellite nations2. Iron curtain3. Cold War4. Containment5. Truman

Doctrine6. Marshall Plan7. Berlin Airlift8. NATO

9. Collective security10. Warsaw Pact11.HUAC12.McCarthyism13.Blacklist14.Conformity—

doing what others do

15.Inflation—high prices

Cold War: Issues and ImagesTruman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter,

Reagan, Bush1945-1991

U.S. Attitudes After the World Wars

WWI—1917-1918• Back to isolationism• Roaring 20s • Recognized USSR• Women gained the vote and

other rights

• League of Nations—rejected by U.S.

• Great Depression—30s

• Reluctant for treaties—no allies• Avoided military conflict until

Pearl Harbor

WWII—1941-1945• Focus on foreign affairs• Conservative 50s• Cold War against USSR• Women left the work place

and went home for a baby boom

• United Nations—led by U.S.

• Prosperity with inflation

• Eager for treaties—alliance with Western Europe (NATO)

• On constant military alert—Korean War, Vietnam War

Film: The Cold WarWrite a fact for each topic

1. Containment2. Berlin Crisis3. NATO and Warsaw Pact4. Nuclear Arms Race5. Berlin Wall6. Fidel Castro and Cuba7. Domino Theory8. Détente9. From Détente to Evil Empire

Film: Post-War U.S.A.—write one fact for each topic

1. Post War Boom2. Fair Deal for Americans3. Crabgrass Frontier4. Cold War5. Cold War at Home6. McCarthyism: the Second Red Scare7. Civil Rights Movement8. The Wild Ones9. Post-war Legacy

Common experience of Cold War Presidents

U.S. Elections• 1948: Truman (DEM) defeated Dewey

• 1952: Eisenhower (“Ike”—REPUB) defeated Stevenson

• 1956: Eisenhower won re-election (over Stevenson)

• 1960: Senator John Kennedy (DEM) defeated Vice-President Richard Nixon

• 1964: Vice-President Johnson (DEM) defeated Goldwater

• 1968: Vice-President Nixon (REPUB) defeated Vice-President Humphrey

• 1972: President Nixon won re-election (over McGovern)

• 1974: Vice-President Ford assumed presidency after Nixon’s resignation

• 1976: Governor Carter (DEM) defeated Ford

• 1980: Governor Reagan (REPUB) defeated President Carter

• 1984: President Reagan re-elected over VP Mondale

• 1988: Vice-President Bush (REPUB) defeated Governor Dukakis

What do we do about Germany?

Berlin (located in East Germany)

The United Nations• http://www.un.org/en/

• Located in NYC—midtown Manhattan

• Current Secretary General is Ban Ki-Moon of South Korea

• Peace-keeping organization

Parts of the UN• General Assembly: 5 delegates from each nation—one vote per nation

1. Secretary General2. Trusteeship Council3. Economic and Social

Council4. International Court of

Justice (15 justices)—meets in The Hague, Netherlands

5. Security Council—5 permanent members (US, UK,France,China,Russia) and 10 rotating members

• Evaluate efforts by global organizations to undermine U.S. sovereignty through the use of treaties

• Consider the Iraq War in 2003

Truman and Post War Tensions—Can he handle Stalin?

Competition of words, weapons, and influence

U.S.A.• Capitalism• Democracy• Influence in Western

Europe• Atomic weapons—1945• NATO (military

alliance)• Pro-Democratic

influences over rest of world

• CIA

USSR• Communism• Dictatorship• Influence in Eastern

Europe• Atomic Weapons—1949• Warsaw Pact (military

alliance)• Pro-Communist

influences over rest of the world

• KGB

Other Ideological Differences

U.S.A.• “freedom of religion”—

first amendment• Separation of church

and state• First amendment• “In God we trust” on

currency• “Under God” added to

the pledge in 1950s

USSR• “Religion is the opium of

the masses.” –Karl Marx• All religious practices

were officially illegal• Exception: could not be

enforced in Poland• Elevation of Karol Wojtyla

was very embarrassing (Pope John Paul II who survived an assassination attempt and plot)

The Iron Curtain

Soviet Blockade led to the Berlin Airlift

The Marshall Plan--aid to Europe

Containment—keep communism from spreading

NATO

Map Activity• Russia is considered landlocked because

their access to warm water is limited

• Their ports ice over for most of the year

• This makes them more aggressive in the area near the Black Sea or Caspian Sea

• Eastern European satellite nations become Russian’s “buffer” from invasion from the West

Film: 1946-1952, The Best Yearshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VdXTw4q6y8

GOOD—Security

List 10 examples

1. G.I. Bill2. …

BAD--Fear

List 10 examples

1. Unemployment2. …

The Rosenbergs

Nixon exposes Alger Hiss, a state department employee, as a communist spy

FYI• Alger Hiss actually was in the group

that accompanied FDR to Yalta!

McCarthyism—Red ScareHUAC: ‘‘Are you a member of the Communist Party?’’

‘‘When a great democracy is destroyed, it will not be because of enemies from without, but rather because of enemies from within.’’

Senator Joseph McCarthy,1950

“Have you no sense of decency, sir?”

Response to McCarthy by a U.S. Army officer accused of communist sympathies

Edward R. Murrow• WWII European war

correspondent• Anchor on the CBS

Evening News (radio and later TV)

• Publicly challenged McCarthy and was accused of communist sympathies

• Helped end the “Witch Hunt” investigations

The Venona Papers• Confirmed

existence of some spies working in the federal government

• Papers made public in 1995 under Freedom of Information Act

Early Cold Warriors• Dean Acheson—Truman’s secretary of state (NATO)

• George Marshall—Truman’s secretary of state and later secretary of defense

• George Kennan—U.S. diplomat in USSR (father of ‘‘containment’’)

• Allen Dulles—Ike’s head of CIA

• John Foster Dulles—Ike’s secretary of state

• Richard Nixon—Senator who exposed Alger Hiss (communist spy) and Ike’s vice-president

China became Communist in 1949—Red China

U.S. Recognized Taiwan as the True Democratic China

Chinese Communist RevolutionMainland China (Communist)Leader: Mao Zedong

Taiwan (Democratic)Leader: Chiang Kai-Shek

The Korean War (1950-53)• UN Police Action

• North Korea vs. South Korea

• Pyongyang vs. Seoul

MacArthur Removed for Insubordination

Truman Doctrine Eisenhower Doctrine

Cold War Strategies• Collective security• Brinksmanship• Massive retaliation• Mutual Assured Destruction

(MAD)• Flexible Response• Military Industrial Complex• Deterrent• CIA• NORAD• Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles• Space race• Detente

“Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed…”

President Dwight David Eisenhower

‘‘ In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.’’

President Eisenhower’s Farewell Address, 1961

‘‘Duck and Cover!’’• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0K_LZDXp0I

End of Part 1—Review Terms• Cold War• Yalta• Satellite• Containment• Iron Curtain• Marshall Plan• Truman Doctrine• West Germany/East Germany• West Berlin/East Berlin• Berlin Airlift• North Atlantic Treaty

Organization• Warsaw Pact• Atomic Bombs• Eisenhower

• United Nations• Security Council• Chiang Kai-Shek vs. Mao Zedong

in China• Taiwan• Red Scare and HUAC• Senator McCarthy • Conformity• Nixon and Alger Hiss• Rosenbergs• Korean War (police action)• North Korea vs. South Korea • Pyongyang vs. Seoul• General MacArthur• Communism

Sputnik—1957—Space Race

Sputnik: Cause and Effect“This is our Sputnik moment.”

• “a technological Pearl Harbor”

• U.S. beginning a “space race”

• U.S. beginning NASA

• U.S. increasing requirements for math and science in schools

‘‘Satellite’’Eastern Europe

A nation dominated politically and economically by another nation

Sputnik An object launched to

orbit Earth

U2 Incident--1960

Domino Theory--countries will fall to communism (President Eisenhower)

JFK— ‘‘Ich bin ein Berliner’’

JFK--Berlin Wall--1961

Cuba became Communist in 1959—Castro was supported

by The USSR

• The Bay of Pigs Invasion was unsuccessful

• The U.S. promised not to invade Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

NASA

Cold War and The ArtsVan Cliburn Bobby Fischer

Vietnam

Many Americans did not support fighting communism

in Vietnam

President Johnson did not run for re-election in 1968—President Nixon began withdrawing

troops in 1971-73.

War Powers Act

Nixon and Mao in China

Detente

Strategic Arms Limitation TreatyNixon and Ford--SALT I Carter—SALT II

Reagan and Gorbachev—STARTStrategic Arms Reduction

Treaty

Bush and the Fall of the Wall

Soviet Leaders• Lenin—1917-24• Stalin—1924-53• Malenkov—1953-55• Khruschev—1955-64• Brezhnev—1964-82• Andropov—1982-84• Chernenko—1984-85• Gorbachev—1984-91Yeltsin became president of Russia upon the

break up of the USSR (1991-2000)Current leader of Russia is Vladimir Putin

Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe

Cold War FavoritesBooks• Alas Babylon• The Right Stuff• Joy Luck Club• Pontiff• Biography of Ethel

Rosenberg

Movies• War Games• James Bond films• 13 Days• Good Night and Good Luck• Blast from the Past• Top Gun• Rocky Movies• Miracle• *Monster films• * Sci-fi films• * “Film Noir”

End of Part 2—Review Terms• Domino theory• Berlin Wall• Sputnik• Space race• NASA• President Kennedy

vs. Khruschev• Cuba and Castro• Cuban Missile Crisis• The Vietnam War

• President Johnson• President Nixon• Nixon’s visit to China• Détente• Nuclear

weapons/arms race/arms limitations

• President Reagan• President G.H.W.Bush• Gorbachev