use-inspired basic research: marrying humans & technology
Post on 09-Feb-2016
30 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Use-inspired basic research: Marrying humans & technology
Frank DursoGeorgia Tech
BASIC APPLIED
Science and application are bound
together like fruit and the tree
that bears it.
Without theory,
practice is but routine born of
habit
If I find 10,000 ways something
won’t work, I haven’t
failed…every wrong
attempt discarded is
a step forward
The opposite of a profound
truth may well be another
profound truth
Backoff man, I’m a
scientist
Peterson?
Pasteur in his quadrant• Basic: tartaric vs. paratartaric acid
– all organic crystals rotate light• Applied: Contamination in fermentation
– Crystals rotate light fermentation was organic (Germ theory)
• Basic: Germ theory experiments– Swan necks & beef broth
• Applied: beer, wine, silkworms, pasteurization, antiseptics
• Basic (Analogy): Fermentation::contagious disease• Applied: Vaccinations
Wright brothers in the quadrant
• Applied: Glider tests• Basic: Experimental data (lifting tables) of the
time were incorrect• Basic: Experiments
– Built a wind tunnel to use for aircraft design• Applied: The Flyer at Kitty Hawk
TECHNOLOGY CHANGES
The life of Besse CooperThe rise of the machines
Happy Birthday Besse
Model T Ford - 1908
Buick - 2011
1908 Model T vs. 2011 Buick
Model-T Buick• Weight (lbs) 1,200 3,671• Horsepower 20 220• Max speed (mph) 30 120• Gas mileage (mpg) 25 23• Cost (2008 $) 20,000 30,000
ENIAC - 1945
PDP-1 Computer - 1960
Apple’s Ipad - 2011
ENIAC vs. PDP-1 vs. Ipad(Nos. approx.)
ENIAC PDP-1 IpadDate 1945 1960 2011Weight 27 tons 1,200 lbs 1.3 lbsSpace (sq ft) 680 30 < 1Mem capacity --- 10 KB 64 GBSpeed (add/sec) 5K 100K 1GhzCost (2011 $) 6,000,000 875,000 700Cal/sec for $1k (2011 $) 0.8 115 1.4G
Putting the rate of change in information technology in perspective
“An ordinary notebook PC can run a database that is more powerful and almost 100 times as large as that of a major bank of the 1980s”
If the cost of an automobile had changed at the same rate as the cost of computing over 100 years, one would be able to buy about 10 million 2011 Buicks for about 3 cents.
If the speed of an automobile had changed at the same rate as the speed of computers over 100 years, an automobile would have attained the speed of light around 1965.
THE HUMAN-TECHNICAL SYSTEM: AN IRRESISTIBLE ATTRACTION?
Technology is attractive Promise of faster, better, cheaper; makes life
easier; makes us safer Technology impacts everything Technology centric: Because we can
Have cold feet?
• Resistance to new technology– Luddites– Samurai– Bicycle face
• What is being replaced?– Tradeoffs– Side effects– Evolution
Marrying humans and technology
WHY COGNITION?
The solution to every major societal problem of the next 50 years will require an understanding of how people think
The jobs are cognitive
The people are cognitive
The problems are cognitive
• Situation awareness and hazard detection• Information overload in air traffic control• Low altitude military combat• Automation and out of the loop• Medication errors• Managing chronic disease• Training health care workers• Global warming
The solutions are cognitive . . .
Tower Simulator
Situation dimension principle
Ground Control
Intentionality, 78
Controller Memory, 7
Protagonist, 286
Space, 180
Time, 25
Unclassified, 11Local Control
Intentionality, 219
Controller Memory, 3
Motion, 21
Protagonist, 455
Space, 326
Unclassified, 16
Time, 25
Environment, 3
Dimensions of situation understanding
Integrated display
Reverse engineering
• Chase & Simon
Some displays increase information complexity, some do not
Mean Number of Glances by Condition
158.67178.67
243.17 253.50
0
50
100150
200250
300
350
standard tma cpdlc tmacpldc
Condition
Mea
n Nu
mbe
r of G
lanc
es
Practice reduces information complexity
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
Mea
n nu
mbe
r of g
lanc
es
STATICDYNAMIC
Threat & Error Strategery
• Identify threat• What strategy would you use?• What cues suggest that strategy?• Participants
– Children’s intensive care nurses– Airline pilots [automation]– Air traffic controllers– Locomotive engineers
PICU Nurses
AUGMENTED COGNITION
What is the state of the operator?Modeling the state of the operatorMonitoring the state of the operator
Auditory P300 differential attentionEEG , heartrate variability workloadHeart rate arousalPupil diameter cognitive loadEyelid droop fatiguePosture imminent actionSaliva stressFacial expression emotionfNIR retrieval v. encoding
MB’s S-car
AugCog and loss of SA
• EMG• But how can we make sure they’re confused
Watching a parade from the 40th floor
• The view was breathtaking. From the window one could see the crowd below. Everything looked extremely small from such a distance, but the colorful costumes could still be seen. Everyone seemed to be moving in one direction in an orderly fashion and there seemed to be little children as well as adults. The landing was gentle and luckily the atmosphere was such that no special suits had to be worn. At first there was a great deal of activity. Later, when the speeches started, the crowd quieted down. The man with the television camera took many shots of the setting and the crowd. Everyone was very friendly and seemed glad when the music started.
Figure 4. Z-score transformed electromyograms for the experimental passage, classified by participant response and EMG activity. The x-axis of each graph is time in seconds and the y-axis is standard deviations.
Participant Self-Report
Confused Not Confused
Electromyographic Activity
Increase in amplitude
No increase in amplitude
Right Corrugator supercilii
Left Corrugator supercili
Right Depressor anguli oris
N = 5
N = 4
N = 11
N = 4
HOW TO PLAY IN PASTEUR’S QUADRANT
Leave the labRealize where you are and why you’re there
Leaving “the lab”
• I was a control freak
The broader context
• I thought cognitive psychology was all there was– Environment– Socio-political
The QWERTY story
In which quadrant are you?Chance favors the prepared
mind
Hell, there are no rules here, we’re
trying to accomplish something
Never express yourself more
clearly than you are able
to think
No job is too big, no fee is
too big
Thanks
Others in Pasteur’s Quadrant
• Jim Staszewski mine sweeper• Frank Drews anesthesia• Penny Sanderson sonification• The Habers—low altitude military combat• Many more
Thanks
Help with abduction• Looked for a rich literature to help me explain how operators in dynamic
environments understand their situations• Reading comprehension
– Strengths• Detailed processing structures underlying comprehension in dynamic environments• Plethora of clever methodologies that could, in principle, be brought into dynamic realms• Measurement techniques and discussion of strengths and weaknesses• Context to classify different approaches to SA (e.g., cognitive vs. cognitive engineering)
– Limits• Dynamic• Input• Reason for understanding is different• Strategies
• Information needs & search• Information complexity • Detecting confusion
top related