user-centric design: how to leverage use cases and user scenarios to design sharepoint functionality...
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Earley & Associates, Inc. | Classification: CONFIDENTIAL USE, NO REPRINTS Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Centric Design: How to Leverage Use Cases and User Scenarios to Design SharePoint Functionality
SharePoint Tech Con San Francisco
March 4th, 2013
users
content
2Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Co-author of Practical Knowledge Management from IBM Press
• Editor IEEE Information Professional Magazine
• 18 years experience building content and knowledge management systems, 20+ years experience in technology
• Former Co-Chair, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences,
Science and Technology Council Metadata Project Committee
• Founder of the Boston Knowledge Management Forum
• Former adjunct professor at Northeastern University
• Guest speaker for US Strategic Command briefing on knowledge networks
• Currently working with enterprises to develop knowledge and digital asset management systems, taxonomy and metadata governance strategies
• Founder of Taxonomy Community of Practice – host monthly conference calls of case studies on taxonomy derivation and application. http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/TaxoCoP
• Founder Information Architecture Experts Group on LinkedIn
Follow on twitter: @sethearleyConnect on LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/sethearley
Seth Earley, CEO, Earley & Associates
3Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Founded - 1994 Headquarters - Boston, MA
What we do – Design and deliver content management and search solutions for companies and their customers
Our core team – 35 information and system architects, library scientists, process improvement consultants, project managers and other information management specialists
Our Unique Offering – Content Choreography™
Retail & Supply Chain
Financial Services & Insurance
High Tech & Manufacturing
Pharmaceuticals & Life Sciences
Media & Entertainment
Our clients include – Global 2000, major non-profits and government entities
Earley & Associates Overview
4Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Definitions
• The User-Focused Approach (top down)
• The Data-Focused Approach (bottom up)
Overview
observe summarize conceive develop identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content organize
content audit taxonomy metadata content models mental models site maps &
navigation wireframes
5Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
the structure and framework for our content-knowledge environment
approaches for understanding user and business needs, anddeveloping capabilities to meet those needs using information
designing user experience by associating structured and unstructured data with the user’s intent
about what’s not obvious
Information architecture is…
6Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Metadata describe the nature of information, the is-ness and about-ness.
• Taxonomies are the organizing principles behind metadata and metadata values.
• Content models encompass the user’s understanding of something.
• Information architecture is about translating business objectives and user needs into working systems for content management, search, and collaboration.
Information architecture encourages and enables both information retrieval and
knowledge discovery.
Taxonomy, Metadata & Information Architecture
7Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
EnterpriseSearch,
Collaboration& Portals
Digital AssetManagement
WorkflowManagement
Security &Privacy
Management
RightsManagement
RecordsManagement
WebsiteNavigation,Search &
SEO
ContentManagement
Metadata, Taxonomy,
& Information Architecture,
8Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Information Architecture Design Methodology
Content Types& Site Column
Design
Term Store& TaxonomyDevelopment
Site Maps& Wireframe
Design
Use Cases,Workflow &Authoring
SolutionDesign
DocumentsDE
SIG
N&
DE
VE
LOP
TaxonomyUser
InterfaceTagging
ProcessesAuto
Categorization
Test Plan& ExecutionT
ES
T
& V
ALI
DA
TE
GovernanceStrategy
& Guidelines
SocializationCommunication
& Adoption
MigrationStrategy
& Approach
Metrics Development
Governance /MaintenanceProcesses
MA
INTA
IN&
EN
HA
NC
E
Current StateAssessment
FutureState Vision
Gap Analysis
HeuristicEvaluation
Strategy,Roadmap &
Recommendations
ST
RA
TE
GY
& V
ISIO
NN
ContentAnalysis
AudienceAnalysis
RequirementsDefinition
RE
SE
AR
CH
& D
ISC
OV
ER Requirements
& AnalysisFindings
TaskAnalysis
This is the challenging part:
getting from requirements to design.
9Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Many organizations are trying to “make the information easier to use.”But what does this mean?
What information?
For whom?
Accomplishing what task?
With what information?
• Many information management projects fail because they are too broad, the project scope is ambiguous, and the outcome is not measurable.
• Ambiguous problems can’t be solved.
Information architecture starts with a focus on problems and processes.
Translating Abstract Concepts into Concrete Design Elements
Earley & Associates, Inc. | Classification: CONFIDENTIAL USE, NO REPRINTS Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Information Architecture Process:User-Focused Approach(top down)
11Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Observe and gather data points
• Summarize into themes
• Translate themes into conceptual solutions
• Develop scenarios that comprise solutions
• Identify audiences who are impacted by scenarios
• Articulate tasks that audiences execute in scenarios
• Build detailed use cases around tasks and audiences
• Identify content needed by audiences in specific use cases
• Develop organizing principles for content
User-Focused IA (Top Down)
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
12Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Identify problems through interviews, surveys, and working sessions.
• In each forum, we are making observations about the current state: how people accomplish tasks,
bottlenecks in processes,
problems with information access and findability,
challenges around inaccurate and incomplete information
• User-centric IA requires that we understand the mental model of the user:the tasks they need to execute, and how they go about accomplishing their work.
Observe and Gather Data Points
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
13Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• “It is difficult to find and collocate information about a specific subject”
Summarize Observations into Themes
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
14Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Wouldn’t it be great if we could…?
• “…access all policy and prior experience data across multiple systems using a single search query and return consistent results?”
• Conceptualizing a future world in which these problems “went away” provides a foundation for all future IA work:
defining metrics for success, and collecting a baseline measurement
engaging stakeholders and obtaining management buy-in
outlining a roadmap for short-term and long-term work
identifying necessary resources
Translate Themes into Conceptual Solutions
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
15Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Scenarios are a fixed set of interactions and events, helpful in expressing concepts.
• “How do underwriters go about their work in writing policies for specialty and high risk clients?” Describe a day-in-the-life.
• Examples: New Product Introduction
A new category of product is introduced, requiring updates to the print, web, and e-commerce sales channels.
Translation of New Product InformationThe newly introduced product has all its content and metadata translated into a second supported language.
Develop Scenarios That Comprise Solutions
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
16Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Although some scenarios are simple on their face, a single event can be the first step in a chain of events.
• “Risk managers, underwriters, sales personnel”
• Example: To Process a Activity Report Delivered by a Service Provider
Possible stakeholders:
external contact at service organization (to send the report)
internal liaison to service provider (to confirm receipt of the report)
compliance supervisor (to verify that the report meets requirements)
business analyst (to compare long-term performance against benchmarks)
strategy officer (to align provider performance with corporate goals)
PR specialist (to highlight notable activities for stockholders)
marketing and SEO specialists (to relate provider improvement following marketing initiatives)
VP of provider services (to remain aware of all provider activities)
• All of these stakeholders need to be engaged.
Identify Audiences Who Are Impacted by Scenarios
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
17Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Once the stakeholders are identified (and engaged), collaborate with them to understand their day-to-day operations. Work to understand their current processes, current pain points, and idealized future environment.
• “Describe underwriting scenario tasks in detail: research options, review loss history, locate supporting research, etc.”
• These tasks become steps in use cases and workflows…
Articulate Tasks That Audiences Execute in Scenarios
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
18Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
This is where the top-down approach meets the bottom-up approach.
We’re going to race through these three boxes for now,knowing we’re going to see them again later.
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
19Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Use cases describe typical scenarios or interactions that an actor (or group of actors) has with the system.
• “Step 1: log on to claim system. Step 2: search for history on the coverage type in geography. Step 3: … “
• Workflows are processes in which a set of tasks intended to be automated are completed. Most workflow steps are associated with user and system roles responsible for performing the task.
Build Detailed Use Cases Around Tasks and Audiences
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
Normal Flow(Team Site Approval)
1. The User navigates to the source location of the content item in the document library on a Team Space (SharePoint 2007). From the Edit Menu, the User selects the option to “Promote to PCL Connects” (Custom) from the dropdown that appears.
2. The System copies the document from the source library in the team site to a staging library in PCL Connects.3. The System displays a form (in a new window) containing properties for the document and prompts the User to enter the
following information (unless auto-populated based on pre-defined data): Title of the document; Purpose of the document (description); …
20Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Once the process has been defined, consider the content and metadata that are required for the processes to be performed correctly.
• “Claims data, policy information, underwriting standards, actuarial tables, fraud reports, etc.”
• Content needs usually can be determined through interviews, working sessions, and observation. Card sorts are an easy way to brainstorm critical ideas.
Identify Content Needed by Audiences in Specific Use Cases
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
21Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Arrange things that people need according to process, task, or other organizing principle.
• “Begin with “is-ness.” What is the nature of the information? Then determine “about-ness,” the additional characteristics of the information. How would you tell apart 100 documents of that type?”
• These “organizing structures” become the foundation for taxonomy.
Develop Organizing Principles for Content
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
22Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Summary: User-Focused IA Process
observe
summarize
conceive
develop
identify audiences
define tasks
build use cases
identify content
organize
Process Step Answer the Following ExamplesObserve and gather data (pain) points
What are the specific problems and challenges that users are identifying?
“We can’t locate information about policies for specialty coverage.”“We need to look in multiple systems to find prior experience data
when underwriting new policies in high risk areas.”“Different terminology is used in different systems, which makes
queries difficult.”
Summarize into themes What are the common elements to observations? How can symptoms and pains be classified according to overarching themes?
inability to locate policy and underwriting information using common terminology
Translate themes into conceptual solutions
Wouldn’t it be great if we could…?
We could access all policy and prior experience data across multiple systems using a single search query and return consistent results?
Develop scenarios that comprise solutions
What would a day in the life of a user look like if this solution were in place?
At a high level, describe how underwriters go about their work in writing policies for specialty and high risk clients. Describe each potential situation and how they would go about their work
Identify audiences who are impacted by scenarios
Who are the users that are impacted?
risk managers, underwriters, sales personnel
Articulate tasks that audiences execute in scenarios
What are the tasks that need to be executed in each scenario?
For a given scenario, articulate tasks (research options, review loss history, locate supporting research, etc.)
Build detailed use cases around tasks and audiences
What are the specific steps to accomplish tasks?
For a single task, list the steps to execute (this level of detail is not needed in all cases). Step 1: log on to claim system. Step 2: search for history on the coverage type in geography. Step 3: …
Identify content needed by audiences in specific use cases
What content and information is needed at each step in the process?
Claims data, policy information, underwriting standards, actuarial tables, fraud reports, etc.
Develop organizing principles for content
Arrange the things they need according to process, task or other organizing principle
Begin with “is-ness.” What is the nature of the information? Then determine “about-ness,” the additional characteristics of the information. How would you tell apart 100 documents of that type?
taxonomy
Earley & Associates, Inc. | Classification: CONFIDENTIAL USE, NO REPRINTS Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Information Architecture Process:Data-Focused Approach(bottom up)
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ACME Consulting Enterprises Site Map
What exactly do these represent? Is “Sales” a site collection? A site? A library? A list? A content type? A metadata field? A value?
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Building Taxonomy from Bottom Up
Taxonomy starts as a collection of terms…
…that becomes translated into design elements through a structured process.
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• Audit and inventory existing content
• Build taxonomy by finding patterns in the content
• Figure out the metadata you need
• Develop content models
• Fit metadata models to the users’ mental models
• Build site maps (and site navigation)
• Construct wireframes
Data-Focused IA (Bottom Up)
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
27Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Audit and Inventory Existing Content
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
• Discuss with users• Brainstorm on locations• Determine how and where people access content
Initial determination of
content
• Determine amounts • Determine types• Determine condition• Amount of redundant, outdated and trivial content
Sample content from across
repositories (audit)
• Use automated processes to itemize all content • Look for reusable organizing principles • Look for patterns • Determine ownership
Inventory all content in scope
• Remove outdated content • Determine migration approach• Identify highest value information
Clean up and triage
28Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Content Audit Example
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
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Finding Patterns in the Content
Determine
Basics
• Locate content: Where is the content now? • Identify all creators, sources, consumers • Determine quantities • Verify importance (quantity and value)
Name, describe &
prioritize
• Name the content type (press release, case file, product description, etc.)
• Assign an ID • Deduce any internal structure
Consolidate
across types
• Are the element names and types consistent?• Are your types mutually exclusive? • Do they cover the bulk of the content available?• What is the nature of any exceptions?
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
30Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Taxonomy is a system for organizing concepts and categorizing content Expresses hierarchical relationships (parent/child)
Arranged in a tree-like structure, with top level categories that branch out to reveal sub-categories and terms in varying levels of depth
Dictionary of preferred terminology
Taxonomy: The Foundation for Information Architecture
Products
Games
Card games
Action figures
Board games
Brands
Hasbro
Scrabble
Disney
Battleship
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
Sample taxonomy record
Car SYN: Automobile Vehicle
fr-CA: Voiture en-UK: Auto es-CO: Carro
Synonyms
Translationsand regionalvariants
Preferred term
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Types of Taxonomy Relationships
Used in thesauri.
Also called “entry types” of terms.
Synonyms.
Things that are related conceptually.
Associative relation types are context and audience specific.
This is how we might relate multiple taxonomies.
Purist definition of a taxonomy – terms have parent/child relationship.
Equivalence Hierarchical Associative
Increasing complexity
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
32Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Relationship Types
Types of Taxonomy Relationships (example)
E E
? A
? ?H
H
A
E Equivalence
H Hierarchical
A Associative
Computer Manufacturers
International Business Machines
IBM
Software Group
Big Blue
Hardware Software
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
33Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
What Are Metadata?
Metadata are data that articulate context & meaning about something.
• Implicit Metadata: System generated properties about the piece of content (e.g. file format, file size,
created date, created by, modified date, modified by)
• Explicit Metadata: Metadata created to add context to a piece of content and applied through auto-
classification, folksonomy and/or taxonomy. (e.g. subject/topic, document type, publishing status,
• Metadata is essential for enriching context on unstructured content.It must have a purpose, and it must be able to be acted upon in order to satisfy a specific information need.
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
34Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Taxonomy & Metadata
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
Date created
Product SKU
Product category
Metadata fields (Content Model)
Product nameAsset
Dispatch consoles
May-15-2011
10985702889
DC-100
Metadata values
Productcategories
Dispatch
Dispatch consoles
Phones
Logging recorders
Taxonomy
Product names
DC Series
DC-100
DR Series
Asset
35Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Example: Metadata Controlled by Taxonomy
NiMHn/an/a
n/aNickel Metal Hydraten/a
n/an/aNiMh
Battery typeBattery chemistryBattery
Battery type NiMH NiMH NiMH
afte
rbe
fore
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
36Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Three Flavors of Metadata
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
StructuralAdministrative Descriptive
Explicit Metadata Can Apply in Any CategoryExplicit Metadata Can Apply in Any Category
SubjectSubject
TitleTitle
DescriptionDescription
Document_typeDocument_type
Date_createdDate_created
File_typeFile_type
Publication_statusPublication_status
Review_typeReview_type
Is_part_ofIs_part_of
RequiresRequires
Parent-objectParent-object
37Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Figure Out the Metadata You Need (and then build taxonomy)
1. Identify a core set of metadata attributes common to all types of content.These can include Title, Created By Date, Owner, Document Type, etc.
2. Conduct a content audit to understand what various types of content exist.With each type discovered, note any unique characteristics.
3. Think about different ways to describe each type:1. Content lifecycle
2. Inherent nature of content itself
3. When used (created or accessed)
4. Audience tasks (when needed)
NOTE: The final step requires stakeholder involvement (both authors & consumers).
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
38Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Content Models (Content Types)
• Content is structured with body information and a wrapper that formats and tags that information (metadata).
• Metadata are the is-ness and about-ness of a piece of content.
Definitions
• Content object model refers to a specific model for a set of document types.
• Content model is the overall framework that describes content and its associated properties. (In other words, a content model includes multiple content object models.)
• Sometimes these terms are used interchangeably.
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
Date created
Product SKU
Product category
Product name
39Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Content Models (Content Types)
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
• Web pages are assembled from items of content types,which are comprised of metadata elements.
title
author
doc_id
date
doc_type
product name
product features
promotion ID
FAQ
Product
Press release
Specification
Promotion
Taxonomy
Antenna
Bluetooth ®
Camera
GPS
Navigation
Product Page
product category
content ID
promotion type
content ID date
date
related product content ID date
standard header
product content type
promotion content type
related products content type
40Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Content Models Are Built Upon a Core Content Type
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
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Deriving a Content Model
• Determine the means to access content.
• Understand the target process: What capability is being developed?
• Determine information sources and uses for the target process.
• Define content lifecycle for each type of information in your process.
• Identify the structure of each type of information – how will one class of information differ from another?
• How is content used? Who is using the content?
• Given 1000 documents of the same type of information, how would you tell them apart?
• How will content review processes differ according to the needs of the organization?
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
42Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Metadata Models
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
• Knowledge about metadata can be modeled in a spreadsheet.
• This level of detail may be required for implementation.
43Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
This is where the bottom-up approach meets the top-down approach…
Mental modeling includes:
• requirements analysis
• personas
• task analysis
• use cases
• scenarios
• personalization design …and here is where construction begins.
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
44Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
How Well Do the Data Fit the Users’ Mental Model?
• Steps to modeling people and tasks: identify audiences (user roles and groups) model individual users (personas) determine tasks (processes and interactions) determine content required to support tasks
• Many different methods for understanding users: interviews surveys working sessions observation/shadowing search log analysis content review content/task/audience analysis
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
45Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Requirements Analysis
• Data and observations from multiple sources can be summarized into key themes.
• AHEM: This should look familiar! See slide “Observe and Gather Data Points.”With the user-focused approach to IA, we started here!
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
46Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Gap Analysis
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
Content Architecture
Desired Capability Gap Current State Assessment Preliminary Gap Closing Actions
27. Information is secure and only available to people with authorized access.
Major Gap
People have access to restricted information (electronic and paper), access permissions are not aligned with sensitivity policies.
Ensure that access control lists and permissions align with information sensitivity policies.
28. Trust in the currency and integrity of a record.
Major Gap
No consistent processes, methods and controls for versioning documents, removing duplicate copies, and managing document lifecycle state.
Develop clear and effective version control policies, procedures, and methods, and document lifecycle metadata. Configure and utilize ECM version control and lifecycle mechanisms. Educate employees.
29. Master Data is harmonized across systems
GapNo common language or framework for describing data across various systems to enable aggregating and analyzing data.
Develop a mapping / ontology of data across systems that need to be aggregated for analysis (BI), reporting, dashboards.
30. Documents have the necessary metadata to facilitate access control, retrieval, retention, and destruction.
Gap Inconsistent definition and use of metadata.
Develop a master metadata schema (mapped to content types) that can be used for both physical records and electronic content. Configure and utilize ECM application (DL, SharePoint) mechanisms to populate metadata. Use authoritative sources to populate metadata.
31. We do not recreate content for different media or publications - we create once and reuse.
Major Gap
Video and photos are repurposed on an ad hoc basis. Sites are locally created and managed.
Implement DAM. Implement Web Content Management. Redesign content creation processes to facilitate content reuse. Develop reuse metrics and monitor performance
32. Able to predict and control the growth of electronic and physical storage.
Major Gap
No measurements or metrics in place.
Develop KPMs for physical and electronic storage and archive. Identify key areas of need and develop countermeasures. Target areas of major growth fn physical storage for movement to electronic solutions.
Compare user requirements with the data model to measure current state.
47Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Personas
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
• Personas are representations of users Fictitious archetype of a person Embodies various characteristic, attitudes and quirks Includes lifestyle, education, demographics Can have multiple personas for a particular role or user type
• Apply knowledge about personas to the taxonomy: differences in terminology and controlled vocabulary differences in categorization (within a uniform collection) differences in association, relatedness differences overall approaches
• Taking the long view: multiple audience-driven entry points anticipatory navigation, suggestion building up the It thinks how I think impression
48Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Personal Profile• Ben Armstrong knows he’s a lucky guy,
since most of his life he’s been able to get by without a larger “life plan” in place.
• When it came time to select a college, Ben chose the arts program at NYU not because of its reputation, but because it was relatively close by and he liked art. He wasn’t sure if he wanted to make it his career, but he was willing to give it a shot.
• It was a savvy choice, not for what it taught him, but for the two people he met while he was there. The first was his friend Todd, the other was his future wife Sandy. Ken realized that while Todd wasn’t much of a painter, he had a fantastic eye for emerging talent. When Todd offered him a position managing his new gallery, Ben didn’t even think twice. Turns out that Todd was right, and the gallery has been growing increasingly more successful.
• Despite the gallery’s growing success, Sandy is definitely the breadwinner of the Armstrong household. Since she is usually either involved with her career or the children, Sandy has ceded control of the family’s finances to Ben, which he’s handled capably, if not entirely intuitively. He’s wary of overspending, but will occasionally splurge on “fun” items such as toys for the kids or a Calphalon pot for the kitchen.
• Although technologically facile, Ben only uses the family computer when he has to. He doesn’t delve very deeply into search results, preferring to settle on something that’s “good enough” to match most of what he’s looking for.
Ben Armstrong Domestic Consumer
“I want technology to enhance, not define, my life.”
background• 27-year-old, married, man, 2 young children,
Democrat• BFA in Art from NYU. Works as a gallery manager in
Manhattan; owns a 2BR apartment in Hoboken. Does not own a car.
• Wife works in publishing• $150K combined income / $160K net worth ($100K
in home equity)• Hobbies: High-end audio, fan of new music and vinyl• Favorite Web sites: Salon, Food Network, Yahoo!
Ticker, Gorp.com, Bank of New York. Has a PayPal account.
attributes• Somewhat afraid of risk; can be impulsive if sure of
something• Investigates only a few competing web service
options• Prefers human rather than online experiences
site needs• Values an aesthetic user experience• Sophisticated back-end functionality that minimizes
the need for further research• Informative, relevant information that quickly
explains and defines his needs• Appreciates highly personalized on-line experience• Unaware of privacy and security issues• Ability for site to grow as his relationship with it
matures
Featured Scenario:
Scenario
Feature
Behavior
Although he’d been trying to avoid it, Ben has come to the realization that he really needs to research his family’s insurance needs. This is mostly due to the fact that his friend Todd, the owner of the gallery where Ben works, was shocked when Ben told him that he didn’t have life insurance. “How can you not have life insurance,” Todd asked. “You’ve got two kids!” During some downtime in the afternoon, Ben uses the gallery’s computer to see what he can find out about financial planning in general, and life insurance in particular.
• Ben does a Google search on “life insurance”• Among the returned links are insurance information sites and providers; primary
among them is ABC• He clicks on the link to abc.com• Ben types “life insurance” in the Search field• Site presents Ben with life stages information and a “total insurance and financial
plan.” Ben prints these so that he can show Ken.• On a lark, Ben performs a Google search on “ABC agent” and notes that one has
an e-mail address. He quickly shoots an e-mail to that broker with a request for info.
• Ben runs his info by Todd to validate he is on the right track. He also phones and picks the brain of the agent he e-mailed, though he has no intention of purchasing insurance at that time.
• Three months later, while watching Trading Spaces, Ben sees an ABC commercial, reminds himself of his needs for Insurance, and calls his broker back the next day!
Alternative Scenarios• Ben decides to get started on a comprehensive financial plan• Ben, in a follow-up visit to abc.com, is cross-sold homeowners insurance• Ben is already a customer• Ben has an auto policy with ABC, and needs to make a claim
“Understand, educate and transact on the customer’s terms”
• Persistent information• Has own “account,” like he has with his bank• Audience segmentation, well-managed content• Easy access to offline resources• Optimized search• Value-added calculators & other widgets
Ben finds and uses the abc.com website to learn about his family insurance needs
Audience: Consumer
Country: USA
Language: English
Personas
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Task Analysis
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
• Audiences need content to support their tasks.
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Task Analysis
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
Approximately 100 tasks plus several not covered
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Task Analysis
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
52Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Use Cases and User Scenarios
• Users can be identified by their characteristics, tendencies, preferences, and aptitudes through the development of user profiles and personas.
• A profile is a description of a user role based on their job tasks and objectives.
• A persona is a description of their personality and details of their lifestyle.
• Use cases are specific, step-by-step interactions with a system.
• A scenario is a day-in-the-life, higher-level description of the things that users need to accomplish.
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
53Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Workflow and Process
• Use cases provide step-by-step instructions. They describe how each type of user interacts with an application. They are also depicted as diagrams that visualize the steps and paths needed to complete a task...
• Use cases can be used to test the ability to locate specific content through labeling, hierarchy, and faceted keyword search.
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
54Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Example Scenario
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
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Example Use Case
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
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Audience Analysis & Personalization
• Active personalization design (by role):Pull of content to users based on personal preference
• Passive personalization design (by role):Push of predefined content targeted to users based on audience
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
Matrix included:• Role Mapping • Applicable Systems• Preferred Content Types• Topical Interests• Required Content• Related Roles
57Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Example of Active Personalization
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
User Selected Preferences
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Construction begins.
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
Step Approach Output Design Artifact
1. Arrange and cluster terms
Post it note exercise, term generation, card sort and clustering
Navigational representation of content
Site map*
2. Contextualize terms Link scenarios to terms Conceptual representation of terms
Annotated site map
3. Create concept map around scenarios
Mind mapping Conceptual representation of themes and attributes
Mind map
4. Translate overarching theme into design constructs
Determine central theme and questions that a user seeks to answer
Mock up of user interaction and flow
Storyboard
5. Condense story boards into wireframes
Arrange themes into pages and attributes as search/navigational elements
Search, Navigation and Attribute interaction
Wireframe
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Term Generation, Clustering and Card Sorting
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
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Clustering/Grouping
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
Goal is to have users group like types of content together in
meaningful ways.
Provide an intuitive, unambiguous and meaningful name for the group of content
61Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Site maps provide a visual illustration of the logical organization of site content.
• They can also serve as the basis for global navigation (and global context).
Site Map Design & Global Navigation
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
Named Cluster
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Wireframes
• Wireframes are a visual representation of how features, functionality, and content will appear in the user interface. Common elements Navigation Taxonomy integration Libraries and views Search experience
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
63Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Wireframes
• Wireframes are a visual representation of how features, functionality, and content will appear in the user interface (e.g., page templates). common elements navigation taxonomy integration libraries and views search experience
There are many differentways to create wireframes,because the primary goalis idea communication.
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
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Concept Modeling
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
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Summary
• Taxonomy and metadata provide the foundation for user experience
• User experience is at the intersection of content models and user intent
• Use cases and user scenarios help to define the mental model of our audience
• Site maps are the physical representation of navigation
• Wireframes illustrate where all of the elements come together to present content in context supporting user tasks
• Starting with the correct foundation will allow for meaningful development of the user experience
content audit
taxonomy
metadata
content models
mental models
site maps & navigation
wireframes
66Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
SharePoint Information Architecture Updated for 2013
• The Information Architecture Process User Research & Requirements Gathering
Audience and Process Analysis
Roles, Responsibilities, Use cases, Personas and scenario development
• Managed Metadata and the Term Store Metadata Schemas and Taxonomy Development
Creating Managing and Term Sets
Using the Term Store for Navigation
Term Driven Pages
• Creating and Leveraging Content Types Properties (Site Columns, Workflow, IM Policies)
Content Modeling
Document Library Construction
• Wireframes and the User Experience Aligning Use Cases with Content
Developing Wireframes for Navigation and Search
• Designing Search Based Applications Result sources, Query rules, Result templates
Linguistic Processing
Search Metrics
Location Date
Arlington, VA March 13-15
Boston (Metro) May 8-10
3-Day Hands-on Course
67Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Whitepapers
http://info.earley.com/what-is-the-business-value-of-taxonomy/
Digital Asset Managementhttp://info.earley.com/download-whitepaper-critical-success-for-dam-project/
Information Supply Chainhttp://info.earley.com/retail-whitepaper-use-taxonomy-to-optimize-retail-information-supply-chain/
Get it here:
Other Whitepaper Topics
The Role of Taxonomy & Metadata in Searchhttp://info.earley.com/taxonomy-metadata-search-whitepaper-request-download/
68Copyright © 2013 Earley & Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Contact
Seth EarleyCEO
_____________________________
EARLEY & ASSOCIATES, Inc.Cell: 781-820-8080Email: seth@earley.com Web: www.earley.com Follow me on twitter: @sethearleyConnect with me on LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/sethearley
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