using the minimum standards in food aid & food security 3.2
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Using the Minimum Standards in Food Aid & Food Security
3.2
Food Security, Nutrition, and Food Security, Nutrition, and Food Aid : Why One Food Aid : Why One
Chapter?Chapter?
Big Topic overallBig Topic overall Food logistics and nutrition/health departments Food logistics and nutrition/health departments
in NGOs are often separatein NGOs are often separate But, the components are so intertwined, But, the components are so intertwined,
they they must must be considered togetherbe considered together
and
NUTRITION FOOD AID
and
FOOD SECURITY
Food Security, Nutrition and Food Aid
Nutrition Assessment & Analysis
Food Security Assessment & Analysis
NutritionFood Security Food Aid
General support
Correction of malnutrition
Food aidplanning
Food aidmanagement
General food security
Primary production
Income & Employment
Foodhandling
Supply chainmanagement
Distribution
Rationplanning
Appropriate& Acceptable
Quality& Safety
Moderate
Severe
Micronutrient
Allgroups
At-riskgroups
Access to markets
See page 106
Food Security and Food Aid is Food Security and Food Aid is about...about...
Markets Logistics Livelihood/Employment Displacement Large Populations Rations: Dry food Warehouses Distribution
FAO photo
Assessment and analysis standard 1: food security Where people are at risk of food insecurity, programme decisions are based on a demonstrated understanding of how they normally access food, the impact of the disaster on current and future food security, and hence the most appropriate response.
What does this mean in practice?
( please see page 111 of the 2004 Edition)
Food security standard 1: general food security“People have access to adequate and appropriate food and non-food items in a manner that ensures their survival, prevents erosion of assets and upholds their dignity.”
How does your organization typically design food responses to disaster?
( please see page 120 of the 2004 Edition)
Food security standard 2: primary production“Primary production mechanisms are protected and supported.”
Q. How could you measure this standard?
( please see page 124 of the 2004 Edition)
Food security standard 3: income and employment“Where income generation and employment are feasible livelihood strategies, people have access to appropriate income-earning opportunities, which generate fair remuneration and contribute towards food security without jeopardizing the resources on which livelihoods are based.”
Q. Can this standard be met? How?
( please see page 128 of the 2004 Edition)
Food security standard 4: access to markets“People’s safe access to market goods and services as producers, consumers and traders is protected and promoted.”
Q. In what situations can this be difficult to achieve? What can be done in such circumstances?
( please see page 131 of the 2004 Edition)
FOOD SECURITY
NUTRITIONFOOD
AID
Pages 119 - 134 Pages 135 - 153 Pages 155 - 171
FOOD AID STANDARDS AND INDICATORS…..
Food aid planning standard 1: ration planning“Rations for general food distributions are designed to bridge the gap between the affected population’s requirements and their own food resources.”
( please see page 157 of the 2004 Edition)
AP photo – Afghanistan food distribution
Food aid planning standard 2: appropriateness and acceptability
( please see page 158 of the 2004 Edition)
“The food items provided are appropriate and acceptable to recipients and can be used efficiently at the household level.” Military style MREs (Meals Ready to Eat)
Food aid planning standard 3: food quality and safety
( please see page 160 of the 2004 Edition)
“Food distributed is of appropriate quality and fit for human consumption.”
How would you measure this standard objectively?
Food aid management standard 1: food handling
( please see page 163 of the 2004 Edition)
“Food is stored, prepared and consumed in a safe and appropriate manner at both household and community levels.” Refugees International photo
Food aid management standard 2: supply chain management
( please see page 165 of the 2004 Edition)
“Food aid resources (commodities and support funds) are well managed, using transparent and responsive systems.”
WFP photo
Food aid management standard 3: distribution
( please see page 168 of the 2004 Edition)
“The method of food distribution is responsive, transparent, equitable and appropriate to local conditions.”
WFP photo
How would you measure this standard objectively?
RATION PLANNING QUICK EXERCISE
Calculate This! How much food does one person need (on average) for three months using the Sphere indicators for food aid.
Assume that the person will receive corn, beans, and oil distributed as an emergency response and based on assumption that there is no other access to food for a period of one month.
• Assume 2100 kcals/person/day = ( 2100)• 11% of total energy provided by protein = ( 230)• 17% of total energy provided by oil = ( 360)• rest of total energy provided by cereal = ( 1510)
Food Type Kcal/g protein/g fat/g
Maize 3.50 .10 .04
Beans 3.35 .20 .012
Vegetable oil 8.85 0.0 1.00
First, find out how much of what foods are needed for a daily ration
See page 138 !
Food Type Kcal/g protein/g fat/g grams fat (g) protein (g)
Maize 3.50 .10 .04
Beans 3.35 .20 .012
Vegetable oil 8.85 0.0 1.00
TOTALS
Energy from fat @ 9 kcal/g
Energy from protein @ 4 kcal/g
Energy from carbs @ 4 kcal/g About1510
About360
About230
360/9= 40
40 0
230/4= 60 +/-
.6x1.2= 0.72
.6x20= 12
Guess450
4.5x4= 18
4.5x10= 45
550g 58.72g 57g528 kcal 228 kcal
Total kcal/ration
1575 kcal
201 kcal
354 kcal
2130 kcal
X
HELP!I NEED A SPREADSHEET!
The Sphere Nutrition/Ration CalculatorTOTAL ENERGY 2100 kcal (Sphere)Energy from Fat 17% of Total Energy (Sphere)Energy from Protein: 10-12 % of Total Energy (Sphere)
Ration Commodities Corn Pulse Oil Sugar CSB TOTAL
Grams of this commodity 400 60 25.0 15.0 50.0 550
Total Energy 2076Kcals per gram of this commodity 3.50 3.35 9.00 4.00 3.80
Total Kcalories contributed to this ration 1400.00 201.00 225.00 60.00 190.00
FatGrams of fat per gram of this commodity 0.04 0.02 1.00 0.00 0.06Fat contribution to ration in grams 16.00 0.90 25.00 0.00 3.00
Kcals from ration fat (@ 9 kcal/gram) 144.00 8.10 225.00 0.00 27.00 404.1
% of Total Energy from Fat 0.19
ProteinGrams of protein per gram of this commodity 0.1 0.22 0 0 0.18
Protein contribution to ration in grams 40.00 13.20 0.00 0.00 9.00 62.2Kcals from ration protein (@ 4kcal/gram) 248.8
% of Total Energy from Protein 0.12
FOOD TONNAGE CALCULATOR
Number of people to feed 1
Number of days 90
Corn Pulse Oil Sugar CSBTons of each ration commodity required 0.036 0.0054 0.0023 0.0014 0.0045
Total tons required 0.0495
Next, calculate the weight of the basic food ration X the number of people X the number of days.
49.5 kg of food for one person for 3 months!
• 36 kg of corn• 2.3 kg of oil• 5.4 kg of pulses• 1.4 kg of sugar• 4.5 kg of CSB
One person for 3 months
2.3 kg oil 5.4 kg beans 36 kg corn
OK, based on this. How much food of this type must you move to the community if there are 20,000 people in need for 3 months?
FOOD TONNAGE CALCULATOR
Number of people to feed 20000
Number of days 90
Corn Pulse Oil Sugar CSBTons of each ration commodity required 720 108 45 27 90
Total tons required 990
20.000 persons for 3 months20.000 persons for 3 months
720 MTs of corn720 MTs of corn 45 MTs of oil45 MTs of oil 108 MTs of pulses108 MTs of pulses 27 MTs of sugar27 MTs of sugar 90 MTs of CSB90 MTs of CSB
990 MTS}
So,… how many trucks do need to move this food?
MT to move… 990 MT over 90 days
Context - difficult roads, 300 k, max 10 T trucks available
Trucks can make 150 k/day
Turnaround Time = (300kX 2) / (150k/d) =4 days + 1 loading = 5 days ………..+ 20% “down time”= 6 days
Possible trips/truck/90 days = 90/6= 15 trips/truck /90 days
Number of loads = 990MT / 9 MT = 110 loads …..assuming 90% load factor for the 10 MT trucks
Number of Trucks Needed = 110 loads/ 15 trips = 7.33 Trucks!... So I order 8 trucks to meet the requirement + 1 on standby/rotation for maintanenance = 9 trucks (10MT)in my fleet.
Transport of 990 MTs…Transport of 990 MTs…
124 truckloads if medium-sized ( 8T) trucks are needed
2525 truckloads (if 40 MT truckloads (if 40 MT articulated trucks are articulated trucks are available and have access)available and have access)
OrOr 9,900 donkey 9,900 donkey loads if access by loads if access by
trucks is impossibletrucks is impossible
StorageStorageSPHERE Rations for 20.000 for 3 monthsSPHERE Rations for 20.000 for 3 months
+1440 cu m for 720 MTs of corn+1440 cu m for 720 MTs of corn
+ 90 cu m for for 45 MTs of veg oil+ 90 cu m for for 45 MTs of veg oil
+ 216 cu m for 108 MTs of pulses+ 216 cu m for 108 MTs of pulses
+ 216 cu m for 90 MTs of CSB+ 216 cu m for 90 MTs of CSB
+ 54 cu m for 27 MTs of sugar+ 54 cu m for 27 MTs of sugar
= 2,016 cu m= 2,016 cu m
Option:Rubb-Hall? (Can hold 4,200 MTs of Food)
CONCLUSION:The Sphere food chapter sections on FOOD SECURITY and FOOD AID are primarily about running food programmes in a responsible way. Responsibility is both to those receiving as well as those donating food, money, and other resources to the program.
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