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UTM EXPERIENCE

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UTM EXPERIENCE

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Palm Kernel Shell Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon

Different sizes of Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon developed from Palm Kernel Shell

Liew et al., 2017

Activated Carbon sizes COD NH4+N COLOR

Large size (2.4 – 4.6 mm) 38.3 % 70% 31.2%

Medium size (0.7 – 1.2 mm) 41% 84.6% 36.1%

Small size (0.3 - 0.4 mm ) 36% 75% 32.8%

UTM EXPERIENCE

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Aerobic granule Sequencing Batch Reactor

Fulazzaky et al., 2017 (%)

removal Without Serratia sp. SA30

With Serratia sp. SA30

CODt 48 68

CODs 68 94

Mass transfer of Oxidizable Organic Matter from POME onto AGS in SBR

UTM EXPERIENCE

30 Reduction of CO2 in POME using microbial granules in SBR

Najib et al., 2017 Parameters AGS Reactor Control

Time 24 hours 5 days

CO2 removal 30% 25%

AGS Bacteria Assay

Ø  Enterobacter cloacae Ø  Bacillus cereus Ø  Lysiniacillus fusiformis

AGS Fungi Assay

Ø Engyodontium album

UTM EXPERIENCE

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Tan et al., 2006 Coagulants Flocculant Optimum

combination Aluminate sulphate

Polymer SR316

10% w/w ferric sulphate, 1% w/w aluminum sulphate, 1% w/w ammonium sulphate, Polymer SR316

Ferric chloride Ferric sulphate Ammonium sulphate

COD removal

64%

Turbidity removal

97%

Chemical precipitation of POME

OTHER POME TREATMENT STRATEGIES

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Saeed et al., 2016

Advanced oxidation process

Optimum condition for Fenton process

pH = 3.5 Reaction time = 90 mins Fe2+ conc = 0.05 M/L H2O2 conc = 0.02 M/L COD removal = >85% Control = 12%

OTHER POME TREATMENT STRATEGIES

33 Expanded Granular Sludge Bed

Yejian et al., 2008

Reactor working volume = 20.5 L

Reactor operation = for 514 days

HRT = 2 days

Reactor temperature = 35 °C

Organic loading = 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD (m3/d)

COD removal = 91%

Organic matter in POME transformed to biogas = 46%

OTHER POME TREATMENT STRATEGIES

34 Two stage Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) and Immobilized Biological Aerated Filter (i-BAF)

Cheng et al., 2010

Reactor volume = 2.36 L Total HRT = 48 hours I-BAFs COD removal = 90% MFC COD removal = 90% Integrated I-BAF/MFC COD removal = 96.5%

OTHER POME TREATMENT STRATEGIES

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Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Fixed Film (UASFF)

Zinatizadah et al., 2016 •  UASFF was divided into three parts

•  Bottom part: operated as UASB

•  Middle part: Fixed Film reactor

•  Upper part: Gas collection

•  Middle part packed with 90 pall rings

•  UASFF Volume = 4.98 L

•  UASFF HRT = 1.5 days

•  UASFF flowrate = 2.45 L/d

•  UASFF upflow velocity = 0.75 m/h

•  COD removal = > 90%

OTHER POME TREATMENT STRATEGIES

36 Multi-Step Pilot Integrated Bioreactor

Ahmad et al., 2003 Multi-step pilot integrated system

Operated in two stages

Stage 1: Coagulation, Sedimentation, Adsorption

Stage 2: Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis

Influent flowrate = 4 L/min

Stage 1: COD = 56% BOD = 70% Turbidity = 99%

Stage 2: COD = 96% BOD = 99.4% Turbidity = 100%

RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM RESIDUES

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Mesocarp Fibre

POME

Palm Kernel Shell

Oil Palm Frond

Oil Palm Trunk

Empty Fruit Bunch

Fresh Fruit Bunch

APPLICATION OF OIL PALM BIOMASS TRADITIONAL VS MODERN

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OILPALMBIOMASS

TRADITIONALUSE

MODERNUSE

REF.

Palm Kernel Shells (PKS)

Serves as Fuel for boilers

Activated Carbon, etc

Liew et al., 2017

Mesocarp Fibres (MF)

Serves as Fuel for boilers

Residual oil extraction

Foo and Hameed, 2011

Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)

Landfill or used for mulching in Plantation

Paper pulp, Mattress, compost, ethanol

Piarpuzan et al., 2011; Krishnan et al., 2017

Oil Palm Frond (OPF)

Used for mulching in Plantation

Animal feed, silica Onoja et al., 2017 ; Ishida and Hassan, 1997

POME Treated and discharged Biogas production Norfadilah et al., 2016

Oil Palm Trunk (OPT)

Used for mulching in Plantation

Furniture, plywood

Mokhtar et al., 2011

RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM WASTE BIOMASS

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ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS

BIO-CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

BIO-ENERGY PRODUCTS

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM WASTE BIOMASS

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ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS

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Palm Kernel Shell Palm Kernel Shell

Activated Carbon

Activated carbon derived from palm kernel shell

UTM EXPERIENCE Liew et al., 2015

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Oil Palm Fibre

Oil Palm Fibre Activated Carbon (OPFAC)

Activated carbon derived from Oil Palm Fibre

OTHER EXPERIENCES Foo and Hameed (2011)

SEM image of OPFAC

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Oil Palm Trunk (OPT)

Plywood derived from Oil Palm Trunk

OTHER EXPERIENCES Mokhtar et al., (2011)

Plywood from OPT

44 Paper derived from Empty Fruit Bunch

OTHER EXPERIENCES Gonzalo et al., 2007

Semi Chemical non-wood pulp plant

Straw Pulping Engineering is a manufacturing company that produces semi chemical papers from non-wood materials such empty fruit

bunch

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Ø  MTS Fibromat (M) Sdn. Bhd. is a Bio-engineering company using various biomass including oil palm empty fruit bunch for Erosion Control –slope stabilization, river bank stabilization, soil erosion and embankment protection

Erosion control derived from empty fruit bunch

OTHER EXPERIENCES www.fibromat.com.my

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The Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB) has a Palm Oil Mill Technology located in Negeri Sembilan used to produce fibre strands as feedstock raw for the production : Ø  Medium density Fibre board Ø  Paper pulp Ø  Moulded paper products Ø  Fibre reinforcing composite

materials

Various eco-friendly products derived from oil palm biomass

OTHER EXPERIENCES

www.mpob.gov.my

MPOB, 2017

RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM WASTE BIOMASS

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BIO-CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

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Oil palm frond

Oil palm frond treated has 95.2% silica content

High silica content derived from oil palm frond

UTM EXPERIENCE Onoja et al., 2017

Oil palm frond untreated

Oil palm frond treated

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Empty Fruit Bunch

Production of bio-ethanol from Empty Fruit Bunch

OTHER EXPERIENCES Piarpuzan et al., 2011

Bioethanol

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Production of bio-ethanol from Oil Palm Frond Juice

OTHER EXPERIENCES Zahari et al., 2014

Bioethanol

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Production of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) from Empty Fruit Bunch

OTHER EXPERIENCES WARIS NOVE SDN BHD

Ø  Waris Nove Sdn. Bhd is a Malaysian company in Pahang Ø  Signed a Memorandum with MPOB on the production of

Carboxymethyl Cellulose from empty fruit bunches

Carboxymethyl Cellulose

www.warisnove.com

RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM WASTE BIOMASS

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BIO-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

53 PRODUCTION OF COMPOST FROM EFB AND POME

UTM EXPERIENCE Krishnan et al., 2017

54 PRODUCTION OF COMPOST FROM OPF

OTHER EXPERIENCES Stevanus et al., 2016

Mucuna Bracteata

Cow Manure

Oil Palm Frond OPF based compost

55 PRODUCTION OF COMPOST WITH EFB & FUNGI

OTHER EXPERIENCES Siddiquee et al., 2017

Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)

Trichoderma Strains

A bio-compost produced through anaerobic composting of empty fruit bunch with microorganisms

56 PRODUCTION OF COMPOST WITH EFB & POME

OTHER EXPERIENCES

Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)

POME

FELDA Palm industries SDN BHD commissioned a compost plant in 2005 at Maokil Mill, Johor. The EFB and POME is used to produce compost suitable as organic fertilizer

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Oil Palm Frond (OPF)

ANIMAL FEED DERIVED FROM OIL PALM FROND

OTHER EXPERIENCES Ishida and Hassan, 1997

Animal feed

Bull

RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM WASTE BIOMASS

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BIO-ENERGY PRODUCTS

59 BIOGAS GENERATION FROM POME FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

UTM EXPERIENCE Kwee et al., 2017

Kwee et al., 2017 evaluated the potential cost for the replacement of solar energy with biocompressed natural gas (BioCNG) in Rumah Dau, Sri Aman, Malaysia. Rumah Dau, Sri Aman has a population of about 114, 26 households and one school. The energy supply system is a mix of solar energy (129.6 kWp), battery (48v) and diesel generator (2 x58 kW), respectively.

Biocompressed Natural gas

Solar Energy Diesel Engine

Battery

POME

This approach is estimated to save up to RM 2.5 million compared to the

hybrid solar energy and diesel.

60 PRODUCTION OF METHANE GAS FROM EFB, OPT & OPF

OTHER EXPERIENCES Suksong et al., 2017

Oil Palm Trunk Empty Fruit Bunch

Oil Palm Frond

The production of methane gas from oil palm residues such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), oil palm fronds (OPF) and oil palm trunk (OPT) using thermophilic solid state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD).

The maximum methane yield for EFB, OPF and OPT were about 229.8, 138.3 and 110.2 m3 t-1 Vs d-1 at F:1 ratio of 2:1, respectively.

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PRODUCTION OF METHANE GAS FROM PPF, EFB & DC

OTHER EXPERIENCES Chaikitkaewa et al., 2015

Palm Press Fibre Empty Fruit Bunch Decanter Cake

Ø  Methane production from three biomass residues viz empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm press fiber (PPF) and decanter cake (DC) using solid state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD).

Ø  The cumulative methane production rom EFB, PPF and DC were 2180, 1964 and 1827 mL CH4, respectively.

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BIOGAS PLANTS APPROVED IN MALAYSIA

OTHER EXPERIENCES www.seda.gov.my

BIOGAS PLANTS

Status Period Number Completed Sept 2016 96

63 COLLABORATION BETWEEN SIME DARBY, MPOB AND FGV TO BUILD A BIO-CNG PLANT

OTHER EXPERIENCES

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PRODUCTION OF BIO-COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS FROM POME

OTHER EXPERIENCES

400 m3 hr-1 Bio-CNG commercial plant at Sg Tengi Palm Oil Mill.

MPOB in collaboration with Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd (FPISB) and Sime Darby Offshore Engineering Sdn Bhd (SDOE) successfully developed a 400 m3 hr-1 Bio-CNG plant at Felda Sg Tengi Palm Oil Mill

BIO-CNG PRODUCTION PROCESSES

Ø  The technology is compact, environmental and user-friendly.

Ø  The commercial production and utilisation of BioCNG supplements the country’s primary energy supply and reduces high dependency on fossil fuel

Bakar et al., 2017

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CONCLUSIONS

66 RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM OIL PALM BIOMASS

CONCLUSION

OIL PALM BIOMASS

EmptyFruitBunch

POMEOILPALMTRUNK

OILPALMFROND

MESOCARPFIBRE

MethaneGas

BiohydrogenGasCo-Compost

PALMKERNELSHELL

CompostPaperPulp

CarboxymethylCellulose

Mattress

Activatedcarbon

AnimalFeed

PlywoodFurniture

AnimalFeed

Mediumdensityboard

ActivatedCarbon

67 IMPROVEMENT IN TECHNOLOGIES

CONCLUSION

Ø  Huge opportunities in converting available oil palm biomass into value end products

Ø  Proper management of

the oil palm biomass as well as improve on the waste collection will significantly increases revenue generation

68 BIOGAS TRAPPING AND BIOMASS UTILIZATION

CONCLUSION Ø  More than 80% of oil

mills in Malaysia use pond system for POME treatment

Ø  Methane generated are not captured

Ø  Improvement in technologies for POME treatment and biogas trapping in POME

Oil Palm Biomass

Oil Palm Trunk

Oil Palm Frond

Palm Kernel Shell

Mesocarp Fibre

Empty Fruit Bunch

Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Palm Oil Mill Sludge

Palm Oil Clinker

69 INTENSIFICATION vs EXPANSION

RECOMMENDATION Ø  Stricter regulations

and controls on waste disposal and discharge

Ø  Stricter regulations

on land use

Ø  More emphasis on technology intensification to improve yield and oil extraction rate

70 WASTE CONVERSION

RECOMMENDATION

Ø  Co-composting of Palm Oil Mill Sludge (POMS) with Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) for the production of organic fertilizer

Empty Fruit Bunch

Palm Oil Mill Sludge

Compost

71 RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT - COLLABORATION

RECOMMENDATION

Ø  Collaboration and funding for R&D to set-up pilot or demo plants to test novel technologies

72 THE END

THANK YOU

THE END