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From Technologies to Market
VCSELs
Technology, Industry and Market Trends
2018 Report
Sample
July 2018
2
Biographies and contacts
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Pierrick BOULAY -Technology & Market Analyst, Solid-state Lighting
As part of the Photonics, Sensing & Display division at Yole Développement (Yole), Pierrick Boulay works as Market and Technology Analyst
in the fields of LED, OLED and Lighting Systems to carry out technical, economic and marketing analysis. He has experience in both LED
lighting (general lighting, automotive lighting…) and OLED lighting. In the past, he has mostly worked in R&D department for LED lighting
applications. Pierrick holds a master degree in Electronics (ESEO - France).
Contact: boulay@yole.fr
Pars MUKISH - Business Unit Manager,Solid-State Lighting& Display
Pars Mukish holds a master degree in Materials Science & Polymers (ITECH - France) and a master degree in Innovation & Technology
Management (EM Lyon - France). Since 2015, Pars has taken on responsibility for developing SSL and Display activities activities as Business
Unit Manager at Yole Développement (Yole). Pars is part of the Photonics, Sensing & Display division at Yole. Previously, he has worked as
Marketing Analyst andTechno-Economic Analyst for several years at the CEA (French Research Center).
Contact: mukish@yole.fr
VCSELs: Technology, Industry and Market Trends | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2018
3
o About the Authors P6
o Report Objectives P7
o Glossary P8
o Companies cited P9
o Executive Summary P10
o Preliminary Definitions and Principles P33
• Laser diodes - Definitions used in the report
• Incoherent light vs. Coherent light
• Time-of-flight (ToF)
• Single mode vs. multi mode
o VCSEL Overview P39
• Definitions
• Applications as a function of the electromagnetic spectrum
• VCSEL in the semiconductor light source environment
• History of VCSELs
• VCSEL structure
• VCSELs in the electromagnetic spectrum
• IR spectrum
• Visible spectrum
• UV spectrum
• Timeline of main applications for VCSELs
o VCSEL Landscape P51
• Classification of VCSEL applications by wavelength
• Classification of VCSEL applications by market segment
• Classification of VCSEL applications by function
• Introduction
• Segmentation matrix
• Mapping of applications
• Focus on detection
o VCSEL Market P59
• 2017-2023 market volume (Munits)
• Split by application
• Split by segment
• Relative market share by application
• Relative market share by segment
• 2017-2023 market revenue ($M)
• Split by application
• Split by segment
• Relative market share by application
• Relative market share by segment
• 2017-2023 growth trends by application
• Market growth relays
• VCSEL ASP
• Trend related to VCSEL surface
• Trend related to VCSEL power
• MOCVD reactor opportunity
TABLE OF CONTENT (1/4)
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o VCSEL Applications P75
• Datacom
• Active optical cable
• Plastic Optical Fibre (POF) in automotive
• Laser printer
• Industrial heating system
• Proximity sensors
• Autofocus systems
• Gas sensors
• Computer mice
• Pulse oximeters
• LIDAR
• Surveillance cameras
• Eye tracking systems
• Face recognition
• Gesture recognition
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
o VCSEL Manufacturing (1/2) P123
• VCSEL vs EEL
• Basic properties of VCSELs
• VCSEL specifications vs. Application requirements
• Epitaxy
• Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) technique
• Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) technique
• Main challenge
• MBE vs. MOCVD
• Trends - Toward 6” manufacturing
o VCSEL Manufacturing (2/2) P123
• Key front-end process steps
• Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR)
• Confinement
• Main methods
• Focus on selective lateral oxidation
• Oxide aperture diameter
• Reliability aspects
• Failure modes
• Use of ESD protection
• The case of array manufacturing
• Overview
• Process example
• Front-end manufacturing control
• Overview
• Epitaxy
• MESA etching
• Oxidation
• Packaging
• Overview
• Focus on bonding
o VCSEL Industry (1/3) P153
• Overview
• Device players - Mapping by country and application
• Epiwafer suppliers
• Players mapping by position on the supply chain and business models
TABLE OF CONTENT (2/4)
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o VCSEL Industry (2/3) P153
• Trends
• From datacom to 3D sensing
• Evolution of players positioning
• A new wave of investment / M&A has already started!
• Datacom vs. consumer ecosystem
• Focus on datacom ecosystem
• Focus on consumer ecosystem
• New entrants
• Apple vs. Android ecosystem - Status & Trends
• Apple’s IPhone X supply chain (tentative)
• VCSELs in iPhones - 2017 vs. 2023
• Android smartphone makers supply chain (tentative)
• Discussion on supply chains
• Other supply chain examples (tentative)
• Capacity of main VCSEL device players
• Key players
• 2017 market shares (tentative)
• Company profile
• Lumentum
• Finisar
• II-VI
• ams and Princeton Optronics
• Philips Photonics
• Capacity of main VCSEL device players
o VCSEL Industry (3/3) P153
• Consumer and mobile Landscape
• Status of the 3D imaging industry
• Recent key moves in the 3D imaging industry
• Current companies’ positioning within the industry
• 3D sensing could be the magic bullet for mobile user interface
• Use cases and opportunities of the rear 3D camera
• 3D camera adoption scenarios
• Automotive landscape
• Status of the 3D imaging industry
• Recent key moves in the 3D imaging industry
• Overview of potential applications
• Automotive LiDAR ecosystem
• Growing Interest of Tier-1s for LIDAR
o VCSEL Intellectual Property Landscape (1/2) P207
• Overview
• Timeline of IP activity related to VCSELs
• Geographic map of patent applications and corresponding current legal status
• Focus on China
• Ranking of patent applicants according to the number of their patent families
• Current legal status of patents filed by the main patent applicants
• Ranking of patent assignees according the number of their enforceable patents
• Ranking of patent applicants according the number of their pending patent
applications
• Focus on historical IP players - Time evolution of patent publications
• Focus on IP newcomers - Time evolution of patent publications
TABLE OF CONTENT (3/4)
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o VCSEL Intellectual Property Landscape (2/2) P207
• Patent segmentation
• Main patent applicants per applications
• Time evolution of patent publications by applications mentioned in the patents
• Promising segments analysis - 2/3D imaging, LIDAR and consumer applications
• Main patent applicants per application segment according to the number ofpatent families
• Main IP players
o Conclusion P226
TABLE OF CONTENT (4/4)
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7
COMPANIES CITED IN THIS REPORT (NON-EXHAUSTIVE)
Accelink, Aixtron, Alight, ams, Anadigics, Apple, Arima Lasers Corporation, Asus, Audi, Avago, AWSC, Beam Express, Blackmore, Bosch, Broadcom, Cable solutions, Canon, Changelight, Continental, Device Innovation, Egismos Technology Corporation, Emcore,
Epistar, Epiworks, Excelitas, Finetech, Finisar, FLIR, Foxconn, Fuji Xerox, Fujitsu, Global Communication Semiconductor, Google, Hamamatsu, Hella, Heptagon, Himax, HLJ, Honeywell, Honor, HTC, Huawei, Ibeo, iHealth, II-VI, Infineon, Infinera, Inneos, Innoluce,
Innoviz, Intel, IntelliEpi, IQE, JDSU, Journal of semiconductors, Kaiam, Koito, Landmark Opto, Lasermate, Lasertel, Laytec, LeddarTech, Lenovo, LG, Lumentum, Luminar, Luxnet, Magneti Marelli, Mantis Vision, Masimo, Namuga, Oclaro, Oculus, Omnivision, OnePlus, Oppo, Optek Technology, Optical Society of America, Optovue, Optowell, Orbbec, Osram, Oxford Instruments, Palomar
Technologies, Philips Photonics, Picolight, pmd, POET Technologies, Primesense, Princeton Optronics, QSI, Quanergy, Rasirc, Raycan, Realsense, Riber, Ricoh, Robosense, Samsung, Sanan, Santec Corporation, SCAT, Seiko Epson, Seminex, SensL, Shiraz University, Sick, SinoSemic, SoftKinetic, Sony Corporation, Stanley, STMicroelectronics, Sumitomo Chemicals, Sunny optical technology, Suoer, Taiyo
Nippon Sanso, Tetravue, Texas Advanced Optoelectronic Solutions, Thorlabs, Trilumina, Truelight Corporation, Tyson Technology, Ulm Photonics, Ultra Communication, US Lasers Inc., Ushio, Valeo, Varroc, Veeco, Velodyne, Vertically Integrated Systems, Vertilas,
Vertilite, Viavi, Vivo, Vixar, VPEC, Wavetek, Win Semiconductor, Xiaomi, Zephyr Photonics, ZF, and more.
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This report aims to give a comprehensive picture of the forces driving the VCSEL light source market, technologyand industry in the short,middle and long term.
• Allow readers to understand the global landscape related toVCSELs.
• Review main applications of VCSELs, giving insights on principles, technology, technical requirements, trends,key players and more.
• Analyse the technology and industry behind VCSEL light sources and their integration into sensors andmodules.
• Provide and analyze market forecasts forVCSEL light sources from 2017 - 2023.
• Also, an Intellectual Property (IP) analysis is presented in order for the reader to better understand the patentlandscape related to VCSEL device, system and applications.
REPORT OBJECTIVES
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ToF camera history:
• According to different measurement methods of flight time, ToF technology can be classified into pulse/flash, continuous wave, pseudo-random number and compressed sensing.The continuous wave flight time system is also called the ToF camera.
• ToF cameras were invented at the Stanford Research Institute in 1977. Limited by the detector technology of the time, thetechnique wasn’t widely used.Fast sampling of received light didn’t appear until the lock-in CCD technique was invented in the 1990s.
• In1997, Dr. R Schwarte (of the University of Siegen, Germany) put forward a method of measuring the phases and/ormagnitudes of electromagnetic waves based on the lock-in CCD technique. With this technique, his team invented the firstCCD-basedToF camera prototype. Afterwards,ToF cameras began to develop rapidly.
Time-of-flight (ToF)
PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES
Time-of-flight principle
Source: TeraRanger
Principle:
• The ToF principle is a method for measuring the distance between a sensor and an object, based on thetime difference between the emission of a signal and its return to the sensor after being reflectedby an object. The ToF principle can be used to measure a distance in 2D but can also be used in camerasfor 3D applications.
Development history of ToF
cameras
Source: Depth Errors Analysis
and Correction for Time-of-
Flight (ToF) Cameras; Ying He,
Bin Liang, Yu Zou, Jin He and
Jun Yang
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• The laser diode family falls into two basic structures:
• Edge Emitting Lasers (EEL) which emit from the edge of their structure.
• Surface Emitting Lasers (SEL) which emit from the top (or bottom in some cases) of their structure.
• VCSEL is the acronym for Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser and is considered as a surface emitting laser.
• Regarding the structure of SEL, they are more complex than EELs as the resonant cavity must be built using up to 40 epitaxiallayers of p-type and n-type material and various optical materials to create a Bragg reflector that uses the different refractivityof material layers to create full mirrors at the bottom and partial mirrors at the top.
• VCSELs can be packaged in SMD like LEDs or in TO-46 package. A VCSEL array is usually hermetically sealed in a package withan optical element.
Definitions
VCSEL OVERVIEW
VCSEL in TO-46 package VCSEL in SMD package
Source: Philips Photonic
Source: The Optical Society of America
Surface emitting laser
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Applications as a function of the electromagnetic spectrum
VCSEL OVERVIEW
Visible Light
380 to 750 nm
Ultraviolet Light
100 to 380nm
Infrared Light
750 to 1,000 nm
General lighting
Horticultural
lighting
Automotive
lighting
Remotes
850nm Fiber telecom
Up to 1,400nm
Security camera
850 to 940nm
Ink curing
380nm
Water disinfection
285nm
There are plenty of applications, each using a dedicated part of the electromagnetic spectrum. In these applications,
traditional light sources can be used but also Solid State Lighting (SSL) sources like LED, lasers or VCSELs.
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VCSELs in the electromagnetic spectrum - IR spectrum (1/2)
VCSEL OVERVIEW
VCSEL in the infrared (IR) spectrum:
• The VCSEL is a new class of semiconductor laser that can be monolithically fabricated. The first device that came out in 1979,was manufactured using GaInAsP/InP materials for the active region and emitted at a wavelength of 1,300nm.
• The first room-temperature continuous-wave (CW) device using GaAs material was demonstrated in 1988 and emitted at awavelength of 850nm.
• Since 1992,devices at wavelengthof 980,850 and 780nm were commercialized.
• To emit at a longer wavelength (i.e.: 1,300 or 1,500nm) in the infrared range,materials like GaInAsP/InP have to be used.
• InfraredVCSELs are used in a wide variety of applications:
• Optical communications.
• Optoelectronicequipment.
• Optical sensing.
• 3D sensing.
• (…).
• Up to now,VCSELs at 850nm or 940nm are mainly used in optical communications or optical sensing applications.
Most of current applications use VCSELs in the infrared spectrum.
A GaAs-based VCSEL structure
Source: "Etch damage and deposition repair of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers" article
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Classification of VCSEL applications by wavelength
VCSEL LANDSCAPE
Most of today’s VCSEL applications are in the red or near-infrared (NIR) ranges.
RED AND IR VCSEL SOURCES
RED650nm – 750nm
NIR750nm – 1,400nm
SWIR1,400nm – 3,000nm
XX
Computer Mice
XX
XX
Datacom
XX
XX
Proximity sensors
XX
XX
XX
XX
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2017-2023 market volume (Munits) - Split by application
VCSEL MARKET
The VCSEL market is expected to grow from 652M units in 2017 to 3.3Bunits in 2023.
CAGR 2017-2023 = 31%
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VCSEL ASP -Trend related to VCSEL power
VCSEL MARKET
Regarding ASP trend, consumer applications are the first able to implement VCSELs at low price. Automotive applications will implement VCSELs at longer term due to their high ASP.
Legend:
Consumer
Automotive
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• Description:
• Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces moderate to high-quality text and by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negativelycharged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially charged image.
• Principle:
• A laser beam projects the required image to be printed onto an electrically chargedcylinder known as a "Drum Unit". The Drum Unit is a rotating selenium cylinder withphotoconductive properties.
• The drum then selectively collects electrically charged powdered ink (toner), andtransfers the image to paper, which is then heated in order to permanently fuse the text,imagery, or both.
• Characteristics:
• Lasers are used because they are able to form highly focused, precise, and intense beamsof light, especially over the short distances inside of a printer.
• The typical laser for this application is the aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs) laser at760 nm.
• Since 1995, Fuji Xerox has investigated in replacing the laser diode by a VCSEL array anda laser printer based onVCSEL was launched in 2003.
Overview
LASER PRINTER
Focus on laser diode application
Laser printing principle
Emission
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A device with multiple applications
PROXIMITY SENSORS
And enabling gesture recognition capabilities with the implementation of a single or multiple sensors…
XX
Range Applications
XX m
XX m
10 cm
Smart lighting / smart buildingDronesVacuum cleanersLaptops
Laptops Vacuum cleaners
Smartphones
Tablets
Tablets
Automatic faucet Automatic soap dispenser
• Optical 3D gestures can complement
existing systems.
• It can reduce XX with more
information on order and position.
• More XX can be recognized enabling
more functions.
DETECTION /
SENSING
PHOTODIODE
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• The human vision has two components:Foveal and peripheral.
• The small foveal region is densely packed with cones providing sharp and detailed vision over an approximately 15° FOV.
• Peripheral vision covers a much wider FOV but lacks acuity.
• Tracking the user’s gaze allows the improvement of graphics performance in the foveal area and a reduction in rendered imagequality in the periphery.
• Foveated rendering is an area of active development in VR. Current limitations include speed and accuracy of eye tracking andthe high sensitivity of the peripheral vision to flickering.
Focus on virtual reality (VR) (2/2)
EYE TRACKING SYSTEMS
The eye tracking system detects that the user is focusing on the clock above the blackboard.
In the left image, the system renders the whole scene at high resolution.
In the right image, the system uses foveated rendering to render an extremely high level of detail in an approximately 15° area around the point where the eye is looking, and a much lower level of
detail in the periphery.
Source: NVIDIA
DETECTION /
IMAGING
CIS + IMAGE
PROCESSING
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IPHONE X –TRUEDEPTH MODULE ANALYSIS
FACE RECOGNITION
High-contrast IR dot projector
30K density (200x150) (Min. for FR 160x120)VCSEL XXnm
VCSEL + ToF detector
VCSEL + XX XXMp XX CIS camera
1.4Mp IR CIS camera
DETECTION /
IMAGING
CIS + IMAGE
PROCESSING
• VCSELs are used for several applications in the iPhone X:
• In the proximity sensor module: XXnm VCSEL with XX cavities packaged near a XX array
• In the flood illuminator module: 850nmVCSEL made of XX cavities (XXxXX matrix).
• In the dot projector module: XXnm VCSEL made of XX cavities in a random pattern
• The dot projector module is used to project a 30,000 dots pattern on the user's face.
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VCSEL specifications vs. Application requirements (2/2)
VCSEL MANUFACTURING
High power VCSELs will need a high power output and high number of cavities.
Die Size:
0.02 to 0.06mm²
Power:
XX to XXmW
Applications:
XX, proximity sensor
Die Size:
0.06 to XXmm²
Power:
10 to XXmW
Applications:
XX, XX, iris scan, XX
Die Size:
0.4 to XXmm²
Power:
200 to XXmW
Applications:
XX
Die Size:
XX to XXmm²
Power:
XX to XXW
Applications:
ADAS LIDAR, XX
Source: Daiwa, System Plus Consulting, Yole Développement
Number of cavity:
1 to 8
Number of cavity:
3 to XX
Number of cavity:
XX to 200
Number of cavity:
XX to > 5,000
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Key front-end process steps - Confinement - Main methods
VCSEL MANUFACTURING
• Several methods have been used to achieve current confinement to a pre-defined active area:
• Simple mesa etching of the top mirror.
• XX to create highly resistive semiconductor regions.
• XX.
• Mesa etching incurs scattering losses of the optical field and may cause reliability problems if the active region is exposed toair.
• XX has been the first method employed to fabricate commercialVCSELs of outstanding producibility and reliability.
• XX, introduces less optical losses in the cavity and has led to a leap ofVCSEL performance.
• Nowadays, the vast majority of commercialVCSELs relies on XX.
The XX will force the current to flow through a small aperture.
Major methods for current confinement in VCSELs
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Device players - Mapping by country (i.e.: design and manufacturing activities)
VCSEL INDUSTRY - OVERVIEW
More than 50 VCSEL manufacturers have been identified with more than third of located (i.e.: HQ) in the US.
US (21):
• II-VI
• XX
• Finisar
• XX
• XX
• XX
• XX
• XX
• Lasertel
• Lumentum
• XX
• XX
• XX
• XX
• XX (part of ams)
• XX
• XX
• XX
• XX
• XX
• Vixar (part of
Osram)
EUROPE (10):
• XX
• Beam Express (CH)
(part of NeoPhotonics)
• XX
• XX
• XX
• XX
• Philips Photonic
(NL/DE)
• XX
• XX
• XX
JAPAN (6):
• XX
• XX
• XX
• XX
• XX
• Sony Semi.
TAIWAN (9):
• XX
• XX
• XX
• Epistar (from pilot mass production)
• HLJ
• XX (under qualification)
• XX
• XX
• XX
CHINA (7):
• XX
• XX (under
qualification)
• XX (under
qualification)
• San’an (from pilot to
mass production)
• XX
• XX
• XX
SOUTH KOREA (2):
• XX
• Raycan
CANADA (1):
• XX
NOTE:
• Pure epiwafer manufacturer are not listed on this map
• Only players involved in die, array or package design /
manufacturing are listed.
• Only players having IR VCSEL products are listed. VCSELs: Technology, Industry and Market Trends | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2018
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Players mapping by position on the supply chain and business models (1/2)
VCSEL INDUSTRY - OVERVIEW
• 2 different supply chain starting from packaging level and depending on final applications:
• Consumer applications supply chain (smartphone,automotive…).
• VCSEL light source need to be integrated into a complex module assembly (i.e.: VCSEL Tx Module (…) Camera Module System OEM).
• In order to meet system OEM requirements, no “standard” package can be developed and VCSEL manufacturer supply “chipon submount” only to easier integration by the rest of the supply chain.
• Other applications supply chain (datacom/telecom,industry…).
• Those applications can integrate much more standard VCSEL package (e.g.:TO can,TOSA, SMD…).
• 7 different typologies of actors with different business models can be highlighted on theVCSEL-centric supply chain:
From epiwafer to package / chip-on-submount, 7 categories of actors can be distinguished depending on their business models.
Chip-on -
Submount
Package
Epiwafer
(Front End L0)
Die / Array
(Front End L1
+ Back End
L0)
Consumer Applications Supply Chain (smartphone,
automotive…)
Other Applications Supply Chain (datacom/telecom, industry…
VCSEL-CENTRIC SUPPLY CHAIN
Pure VCSEL Epiwafer Manufacturer
VCSEL Epiwafer Manufacturer and Foundry Service Supplier
Pure VCSEL Foundry Service Supplier
VCSEL Device Manufacturer and Foundry Service Supplier
VCSEL Device Manufacturer - XX
VCSEL Device Manufacturer - XX
VCSEL-CENTRIC SUPPLY
CHAIN
VCSEL Device Manufacturer - XX
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From datacom to 3D sensing
VCSEL INDUSTRY - TRENDS
Historically involved in datacom applications, VCSEL industry is now entering the consumer 3D sensing era.
• Datacom has been the first industrial application for VCSELs that are favoured in datacentres due to
their low power consumption and competitive price compared to EELs. However, VCSELs are limited
to short distance communication applications.
• Volume of VCSEL production boomed with the explosion of Internet in the 2000's and generate a
steady growth since then.
• VCSELs appeared first in
smartphone with their
integration in the autofocus
and proximity sensing
applications.
• But the boom really
occurred when Apple
released its iPhone X in
2017 integrating VCSELs for
the Face ID module,
generating high volume
production, high investment
from Apple to secure its
supply chain and creating a
strong interest from new
VCSEL suppliers and from
Android-based OEMs.
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Apple’s IPhone X supply chain (tentative)
VCSEL INDUSTRY - TRENDS
Epi wafer growth Die/array fabrication Module Customer
Dot
Projector
Proximity
Sensor
Flood
Illuminator
Main source
Alternative source
Main source
Alternative source
3D
sen
sin
g
…
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Use cases and opportunities of the rear 3D camera
VCSEL INDUSTRY - CONSUMER AND MOBILE LANDSCAPE
Augmented Reality
Use cases for mobile is a
hard call :
• Augmented sales pitch
• Augmented gaming
As far as 2018 the
attraction of the use
cases are not market
proven and could remain
a niche feature.
Is it worth
an added
3D sensing
hardware ?
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Automotive LiDAR Ecosystem
VCSEL INDUSTRY - AUTOMOTIVE LANDSCAPE
FPGA: Field-Programmable Gate Array
SiPM: Silicon Photomultiplier
SPAD: Single-Photon Avalanche Diode
VCSEL: Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser
LiDAR systems Laser sourcesPhotodetectors
Active players
R&D players
VCSELXXXX SPAD/SiPM
FPGA XX
Amplifier
Optical elementsIC
XX Optical filters
Optical systems
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• IP activity related to VCSEL started in the 90’s with the development of laser for datacom applications (i.e.: fiber optic). Shortly after,IP players have started to file patents related to XX applications.
• These two applications have driven the development of IP activity related toVCSEL until 2006-2007.
• From 1995 to 2003 the IP landscape experienced a strong increase of the number of patent publications that also corresponds to theincrease of the geographic expansion of datacom/telecom and laser printing players IP activity.
• Since 2010, many newcomers have entered the IP landscape. The most noticeable newcomers are players from the consumer andautomotive markets.
Timeline of IP activity related to VCSELs
VCSEL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LANDSCAPE
VCSELs: Technology, Industry and Market Trends | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2018
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RELATED REPORTS
VCSELs: Technology, Industry and Market Trends | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2018
Data communications (datacoms) was the first industrial application to start integrating Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs). Their sweet spot has been in short-distance data communication due to their low power consumption and competitive price compared to Edge Emitting Lasers (EELs). Driven by the development of datacenters, the VCSEL market and production boomed in the 2000s with the internet’s popularity, and then grew steadily. Some new applications for VCSEL emerged, like laser printers and optical mice, but weren’t strong growth drivers.
Only in 2014, almost 20 years since the first use of the technology in datacom, VCSELs started to make their way into high volume consumer smartphones. But this coupling with sensors for proximity sensing and autofocus functions was only the beginning of the VCSEL success story. In 2017 Apple released the iPhone X, with a 3D sensing function based on this technology. The iPhone X integrates three different VCSEL dies for the proximity sensor and the Face ID module, and made the VCSEL market explode in 2017, propelling overall revenue to ~$330M.
Good iPhone X sales have now triggered the interest of other smartphone brands in this breakthrough
3D sensing function. Less than one year after the release of Apple’s flagship, its competitors are now following the same trend and starting to integrate 3D sensing technologies. Xiaomi and Oppo were the quickest on the draw, with the Xiaomi Mi8 and the Oppo Find X models presented in the second quarter of 2018. Other leading smartphone players like Huawei, Vivo or Samsung are also expected to integrate VCSELs into their flagship models by 2019. In this context, the explosion of VCSEL demand initiated in 2017 will persist for the next five years, potentially multiplying the business opportunity more than tenfold. During that time, the technology might also find some new growth drivers into some other high volume applications such as automotive Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) or gas sensors.
This trend will likely cause rapid evolution in the VCSEL industry in coming years in the form of investment, new entrants and mergers and acquisitions.
This report presents a comprehensive review of the main VCSEL applications including in-depth analysis of the consumer and automotive landscapes, including 3D sensing, LiDAR and gas sensing.
VCSELS - TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND MARKET TRENDSMarket & Technology report - July 2018
AFTER 20 YEARS, THE VCSEL BUSINESS HAS FOUND ITS KILLER APPLICATION – AND IS LIKELY TO EXPLODE
3D sensing – and more – in smartphones will drive the VCSEL market for the next five years.
KEY FEATURES• VCSEL market revenue and
volume: 2017-2023• Detailed technical and market
analysis of VCSEL applications, with in-depth analysis of the consumer and automotive landscapes
• VCSEL industry analysis: from epiwafer to system
•VCSELspecificationsandpriceanalysis
• VCSEL manufacturing analysis• VCSEL IP analysis
(Yole Développement, July 2018)
The variety of applications using VCSELs involves a variety of specifications at the device level, mostly in size, output power and number of laser cavities. As a result, the surface of a VCSEL chip or array
can range from less than 0.1mm² for datacom and proximity sensing applications to more than 70mm² for LiDAR application. As the VCSEL surface increases with the needed output power,
VCSEL market forecast by segment
NOT ALL VCSELS ARE CREATED EQUAL! APPLICATIONS DRIVE DEVICE SPECIFICATIONS
2017$330M
2023$3,500M
Consumer Datacom Industry Automotive
Courtesy of Apple
CAGR +48%
$86M
$80M
$165M
$3,100M
$105M
$205M
$46M
VCSELS - TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND MARKET TRENDS
A NEW WAVE OF INVESTMENT AND M&A HAS STARTED
VCSEL market volume is expected to grow from 652M units in 2017 to more than 3.3B units in 2023 at a 31% compound annual growth rate for this period (CAGR2017-2023). This booming trend is likely to trigger interest in VCSEL technology at many industry levels, including OEMs, integrators, device manufacturers, epi houses, foundries, equipment and material suppliers. To be able to follow this booming demand, more than 100 MOCVD reactors will be needed, which is likely to please companies that supply this equipment, such as Aixtron, Veeco and Taiyo Nippon Sanso.
Yole Développement (Yole) expects therefore strong investment and proliferation in the VCSEL industry with the entry of several new players, mostly from the LED industry, whose technology is similar. Since 2016, Yole analysts’ have already seen some M&A, like ams’ acquisition of Princeton Optronics and Osram’s deal for Vixar and investment in manufacturing expansion or supply chain reinforcement, like Apple
investing $390M in Finisar. Yole expects the bulk of these investments to occur in the coming years.
And once VCSEL hype reaches its peak, Yole also expects a necessary consolidation phase with more M&A occurring at all level of the supply chain and to support different strategies:• Vertical integration - from system to module and/or
from module to component• Application diversification - from datacom to
sensing• Business diversification - from LED or EEL devices
to VCSELs
This report presents an in-depth analysis of the VCSEL industry, which highlights supply chain trends and key players. The reports also analyze VCSEL device market size, broken down by application and segment, and the related MOCVD reactor market. In addition, it details an overview of the VCSEL IP landscape.
so do the number of cavities and the complexity of the manufacturing process, mostly in ‘front-end’ chip fabrication.
The current shift from the datacom industrial era to the 3D sensing consumer era is likely to have a
strong impact on manufacturing expertise related to VCSELs. Typically, whereas datacom uses 3” or 4” diameter wafer manufacturing processes, consumer applications requires 6” wafer processing to hit their cost targets and also larger VCSEL arrays. This evolution has a direct impact on manufacturing yield, which is still low today for 6” processes. This is mostly related to epiwafer manufacturing, for which the epitaxy uniformity is still a major challenge, compared to 3” or 4” wafer epitaxy. Typically, a difference of 1% in the layer thickness will result in a wavelength deviation of 10nm. And knowing that epitaxy yield will drive overall VCSEL manufacturing yield, it is now at the heart of VCSEL industry investments in key equipment for MOCVD and metrology.
This report present a detailed analysis of VCSEL manufacturing processes, associated challenges, recent trends and player positioning. This report also presents main specifications for VCSELs in leading applications.
VCSEL specifications vs. Application requirements
(Yole Développement, July 2018)
• Datacom• Proximity sensor
• Gesture recognition• Laser autofocus• Iris scan• Optical mice
• 3D sensing• Depth camera• Medical
• ADAS LiDAR • Industrial cutting
Increase of diesize, numberof cavities,
power output and so
manufacturingcomplexity.
Also, differentpackage, single chip
vs. array to beconsidered.
0.02 to 0.06mm2
3 to 40mW
0.06 to 0.4mm2
10 to 350mW
0.4 to 1.3mm2
200 to 1,000mW
10 to 75mm2
5 to 40W
VCSEL players* ecosystem
(Yole Développement, July 2018)
Epiwafer Foundry IDM Fabless Internal use
VCSEL device manufacturers
*Non-exhaustive list of companies
MARKET & TECHNOLOGY REPORT
COMPANIES CITED IN THE REPORT (non exhaustive list)Accelink, Aixtron, Alight, ams, Anadigics, Apple, Arima Lasers Corporation, Asus, Audi, Avago, AWSC, Beam Express, Blackmore, Bosch, Broadcom, Cable solutions, Canon, Changelight, Continental, Device Innovation, Egismos Technology Corporation, Emcore, Epistar, Epiworks, Excelitas, Finetech, Finisar, FLIR, Foxconn, Fuji Xerox, Fujitsu, Global Communication Semiconductor, Google, Hamamatsu, Hella, Heptagon, Himax, HLJ, Honeywell, Honor, HTC, Huawei, Ibeo, iHealth, II-VI, Infineon, Infinera, Inneos, Innoluce, Innoviz, Intel, IntelliEpi, IQE, JDSU, Journal of semiconductors, Kaiam, Koito, Landmark Opto, Lasermate, Lasertel, Laytec, LeddarTech, Lenovo, LG, Lumentum, Luminar, Luxnet, Magneti Marelli, Mantis Vision, Masimo, Namuga, Oclaro, Oculus, Omnivision, OnePlus, Oppo, Optek Technology, Optical Society of America, Optovue, Optowell, Orbbec, Osram, Oxford Instruments, Palomar Technologies, Philips Photonics, Picolight, pmd, POET Technologies, Primesense, Princeton Optronics, QSI, Quanergy, Rasirc, Raycan, Realsense, Riber, Ricoh, Robosense, Samsung, Sanan, Santec Corporation, SCAT, Seiko Epson, Seminex, SensL, Shiraz University, Sick, SinoSemic, SoftKinetic, Sony Corporation, Stanley, STMicroelectronics, Sumitomo Chemicals, Sunny optical technology, Suoer, Taiyo Nippon Sanso, Tetravue, Texas Advanced Optoelectronic Solutions, Thorlabs, Trilumina, Truelight Corporation, Tyson Technology, Ulm Photonics, Ultra Communication, US Lasers Inc., Ushio, Valeo, Varroc, Veeco, Velodyne, Vertically Integrated Systems, Vertilas, Vertilite, Viavi, Vivo, Vixar, VPEC, Wavetek, Win Semiconductor, Xiaomi, Zephyr Photonics, ZF (…)
Preliminary Definitions and Principles 33
VCSEL Overview 39
> Definitions> Applications as a function of the
electromagnetic spectrum> VCSEL in the semiconductor light source
environment> History of VCSELs> VCSEL structure> VCSELs in the electromagnetic spectrum> Timeline of main applications for VCSELs
VCSEL Landscape 51
> Classification of VCSEL applications bywavelength
> Classification of VCSEL applications by marketsegment
> Classification of VCSEL applications by functionVCSEL Market 59
> 2017-2023 market volume (Munits) - Byapplication
> 2017-2023 market revenue ($M) - By application> 2017-2023 growth trends by application> Market growth relays> VCSEL ASP> MOCVD reactor opportunity
VCSEL Applications 75
> Datacom> Active optical cable> Plastic Optical Fibre (POF) in automotive> Laser printer> Industrial heating system
> Proximity sensors> Autofocus systems> Gas sensors> Computer mice> Pulse oximeters> LIDAR> Surveillance cameras> Eye tracking systems> Face recognition> Gesture recognition> Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
VCSEL Manufacturing 123
> VCSEL vs EEL> Basic properties of VCSELs> VCSEL specifications vs. Application requirements> Epitaxy - Technologies and trends> Key front-end process steps> Reliability aspects> The case of array manufacturing> Front-end manufacturing control> Packaging
VCSEL Industry 153
> Overview> Trends> Key players> Consumer and mobile landscape> Automotive landscape
VCSEL Intellectual Property Landscape 207
> Overview> Patent segmentation
Conclusion 226
TABLE OF CONTENTS (complete content on i-Micronews.com)
OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT• Give a comprehensive picture of the forces driving the VCSEL light source market, technology and
industry in the short, middle and long term• Allow readers to understand the global landscape related to VCSELs• Review main applications of VCSELs, giving insights on principles, technology, technical requirements,
trends, key players and more• Analyse the technology and industry behind VCSEL light sources and their integration into sensors
and modules• Provide and analyze market forecasts for VCSEL light sources from 2017 - 2023• Present an Intellectual Property (IP) analysis in order for the reader to better understand the
patent landscape related to VCSEL device, system and applications
AUTHORSPierrick Boulay works as Market and Technology Analyst in the fields of LED,OLED and Lighting Systems to carry out technical, economic and marketing analysis. He has experience in both LED lighting (general lighting, automotive lighting…) and OLED lighting. In the past, he has mostly worked in R&D department for LED lighting applications. Pierrick holds a master degree in Electronics (ESEO - France).
Find more details about
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Pars Mukish holds a master degree in Materials Science & Polymers (ITECH - France) and a master degree in Innovation & Technology Management (EM Lyon - France). Since 2015, Pars has taken on responsibility for developing SSL and Display activities as Business Unit Manager at Yole. Previously, he has worked as Marketing Analyst and Techno-Economic Analyst for several years at the CEA (French Research Center).
Pierrick Boulay and Pars Mukish, all part of the Photonics, Sensing & Display division at Yole Développement (Yole) co-authored the VCSEL - Technology, Industry and market Trends report:
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− Automotive Power Module Packaging Comparison 2018 – Structure, Process & Cost Report
− Power ICs Market Monitor 2018 – Quaterly Update**
− Power ICs Market Comparison 2018* – Structure, Process & Cost Report
BATTERY AND ENERGY MANAGEMENTo MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT – by Yole Développement
− Li-ion Battery Packs for Automotive and Stationary Storage Applications 2018 –Update
o PATENT ANALYSES – by KnowMade
− Status of the Battery Patents – Patent Watch 2018 & Patent Activity 2017
o LINKED REPORTS – by Yole Développement and KnowMade
− Solid State Electrolyte Battery 2018 – Market & Technology Report
− Solid-State Batteries 2018 – Patent Landscape Analysis
Update : 2017 version still available / *To be confirmed / ** Can not be selected within an Annual Subscription offer
13©2018 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
OUR 2018 REPORTS COLLECTION (4/4)
SOLID STATE LIGHTING
o MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT – by Yole Développement
− IR LEDs and Lasers 2018: Technology, Industry and Market Trends – Update
− Automotive Lighting 2018: Technology, Industry and Market Trends – Update
− UV LEDs 2018: Technology, Industry and Market Trends – Update
− LiFi: Technology, Industry and Market Trends
− LED Lighting Module Technology, Industry and Market Trends 2017
− CSP LED Lighting Modules
− Phosphors & Quantum Dots 2017 - LED Downconverters for Lighting & Displays
− Horticultural Lighting 2017
o LINKED REPORTS – by Yole Développement and System Plus Consulting
− VCSELs 2018: Technology, Industry and Market Trends – Market & Technology Report
− VCSELs Comparison 2018 – Structure, Process & Cost Report
DISPLAYS
o MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT – by Yole Développement
− Quantum Dots and Wide Color Gamut Display Technologies 2018 – Update
− Displays and Optical Vision Systems for VR/AR/MR 2018
− MicroLED Displays 2018 – Market & Technology Report – Update
o PATENT ANALYSES – by KnowMade
− MicroLED Display – Patent Landscape Analysis
MEDTECH
o MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT – by Yole Développement
− BioMEMS & Non Invasive Emerging Biosensors: Microsystems for Medical
− Applications 2018 – Update
− Point-of-Need Testing Application of Microfluidic Technologies 2018 – Update
− Neurotechnologies and Brain Computer Interface 2018
− CRISPR-Cas9 Technology: From Lab to Industries 2018
− Ultrasound technologies for Medical, Industrial and Consumer 2018
− Inkjet Functional and Additive Manufacturing for Electronics 2018
− Liquid Biopsy: from Isolation to Downstream Applications 2018
− Chinese Microfluidics Industry 2018
− Scientific Cameras for the Life Sciences & Analytical Instrumentation
Laboratory Markets 2018*
− Artificial Organ Technology and Market 2017
− Connected Medical Devices Market and Business Models 2017
− Status of the Microfluidics Industry 2017
− Organs-On-Chips 2017
− Solid-State Medical Imaging 2017
− Medical Robotics Market & Technology Analysis 2017
o PATENT ANALYSES – by KnowMade
− Microfluidic IC Cooling – Patent Landscape
− Circulating Tumor Cell Isolation – Patent Landscape
− OCT Medical Imaging – Patent Landscape
− Pumps for Microfluidic Devices – Patent Landscape 2017
− Microfluidic Technologies for Diagnostic Applications – Patent Landscape 2017
− FLUIDIGM – Patent Portfolio Analysis 2017
− Consumer Physics SCiO Molecular Sensor – Patent-to-Product Mapping 2017
o LINKED REPORTS – by Yole Développement, System Plus Consulting and KnowMade
− Organs-On-Chips 2017 – Market & Technology Report
− Organ-on-a-Chip – Patent Landscape Analysis
Update : 2017 version still available / *To be confirmed
14©2018 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
OUR 2017 PUBLISHED REPORTS LIST (3/3)
OUR PARTNERS’ REPORTS
PATENT ANALYSES – by KnowMade
− Wireless Charging Patent Landscape Analysis
− RF Acoustic Wave Filters Patent Landscape Analysis
− NMC Lithium-Ion Batteries Patent Landscape Analysis
− Pumps for Microfluidic Devices Patent Landscape
− III-N Patent Watch
− FLUIDIGM Patent Portfolio Analysis
− Knowles MEMS Microphones in Apple iPhone 7 Plus Patent-to-Product Mapping 2017
− Consumer Physics SCiO Molecular Sensor Patent-to-Product Mapping
− Patent Licensing Companies in the Semiconductor Market - Patent Litigation Risk and Potential Targets
− Microfluidic Technologies for Diagnostic Applications Patent Landscape
TEARDOWN & REVERSE COSTING – by System Plus Consulting
More than 60 teardowns and reverse costing analysis and cost simulation tools published in 2017
MORE INFORMATION
o All the published reports from theYole Group of Companies are available on our website www.i-Micronews.com.
o Ask for our Bundle Subscription offers: With our bundle offer, you choose the number of reports you are interested in and select the related offer. You then haveup
to 12 months to select the required reports from the Yole Développement, System Plus Consulting and KnowMade offering. Pay once and receive the reports
automatically (multi-user format). Contact your sales team according to your location (see the last slide).
15©2018 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
MICRONEWS MEDIA
o About Micronews Media
To meet the growing demand for market,
technological and business information,
Micronews Media integrates several tools able
to reach each individual contact within its
network.We will ensure you benefit from this.
ON L I N E ON S I T E I N PE R S ON
@Micronews e-newsletter
i-Micronews.com
i-Micronewsjp.com
FreeFullPDF.com
Events Webcasts
Unique, cost-effective ways
to reach global audiences.
Online display advertising
campaigns are great strategies
for improving your
product/brand visibility. They
are also an efficient way to
adapt with the demands of the
times and to evolve an effective
marketing plan and strategy.
Brand visibility, networking
opportunities
Today's technology makes it
easy for us to communicate
regularly, quickly, and
inexpensively – but when
understanding each other is
critical, there is no substitute
for meeting in-person.Events
are the best way to exchange
ideas with your customers,
partners, prospects while
increasing your brand/product
visibility.
Targeted audience
involvement equals clear,
concise perception of your
company’s message.
Webcasts are a smart,
innovative way of
communicating to a wider
targeted audience. Webcasts
create very useful, dynamic
reference material for
attendees and also for
absentees, thanks to the
recording technology.
Benefit from the i-Micronews.com
traffic generated by the 11,200+
monthly unique visitors, the
10,500+ weekly readers of
@Micronew se-newsletter
Several key events planned for
2018 on different topics to
attract 120 attendees on average
Gain new leads for your business
from an average of 340
registrants per webcast
Contact: Camille Veyrier (veyrier@yole.fr), Marketing & Communication Project Manager
16©2018 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
CONTACT INFORMATION
o CONSULTING AND SPECIFIC ANALYSIS, REPORT
BUSINESS
• North America:
• Steve LaFerriere, Senior Sales Director for Western US &
Canada
Email: laferriere@yole.fr – + 1 310 600-8267
• Troy Blanchette, Senior Sales Director for Eastern US &
Canada
Email: troy.blanchette@yole.fr – +1 704 859-0453
• Japan & Rest of Asia:
• Takashi Onozawa, General Manager, Asia Business
Development (Korea, Singapore, India & ROA)
Email: onozawa@yole.fr - +81 34405-9204
• Miho Othake, Account Manager (Japan)
Email: ohtake@yole.fr - +81 3 4405 9204
• Itsuyo Oshiba, Account Manager (Japan)
Email: oshiba@yole.fr - +81-80-3577-3042
• Greater China: Mavis Wang, Director of Greater China Business
Development
Email: wang@yole.fr - +886 979 336 809
• Europe: Lizzie Levenez, EMEA Business Development Manager
Email: levenez@yole.fr - +49 15 123 544 182
• RoW: Jean-Christophe Eloy, CEO & President, Yole Développement
Email eloy@yole.fr - +33 4 72 83 01 80
o FINANCIAL SERVICES (in partnershipwith Woodside
Capital Partners)
• Jean-Christophe Eloy, CEO & President
Email: eloy@yole.fr - +33 4 72 83 01 80
• Ivan Donaldson, VP of Financial Market Development
Email: ivan.donaldson@yole.fr - +1 208 850 3914
o GENERAL
• Public Relations: leroy@yole.fr - +33 4 72 83 01 89
• Email: info@yole.fr - +33 4 72 83 01 80
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