vectors
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Vectors
• A vector is a quantity that is characterized by both magnitude and direction.
• Vectors are represented by arrows. The length of the arrow represents magnitude. The direction of the arrow represents direction.
• That end of the vector with the arrow point is called its head. The other and is called its tail.
Vectors
• Vectors do not have position. A vector may be moved anywhere in a coordinate system, and still be the same vector as long as it's magnitude and direction do not change.
• In the next slide all the arrows represent the same vector.
Vectors
• Symbols representing vector quantities have arrows drawn above them.
• In print vectors are frequently represented by boldface characters.
B a b v A
Vectors• Vectors are added either graphically or
mathematically.• Graphical addition involves placing the tail of
one of vector at the head of another, and showing the resultant vector by connecting the tail of the first of vector to the head of the second.
• The vector arrows must be drawn very carefully to obtain accurate results.
Vectors
• To add and subtract vectors mathematically, we must define a coordinate system, and apply trigonometric methods.
Vectors
• Any vector can be resolved into components. When the components are added together, the result is the original vector.
Vectors
• It is convenient to resolve vectors into components that lie along the axes of the coordinate system.
Vectors
• Standard angle. A standard angle has its vertex at the origin and is measured from the positive x axis. If measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis, the angle is considered positive. If measured clockwise from the positive x axis the angle is considered negative.
Vectors
• To resolve a vector into perpendicular components, we multiply its magnitude by the appropriate trigonometric function of the angle between the vector and the horizontal axis.
Vectors
• If the angle is between the vector and the vertical axis, different trigonometric functions must be used.
Vectors
• Unit vectors.Unit vectors are vectors with a magnitude of 1, that indicate the direction of a vector. The unit vectors that indicate the direction along the axes of a three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, are
ˆ ˆ ˆ, , and x y z
Vectors• Unit vectors.Another frequently used system of notation for unit vectors is
indicates direction along the x axis indicates direction along the y axis
indicates direction along the z axis
i
j
k
ˆˆ ˆ, ,i j k
Vectors• Unit vectors.To express the above vector using unit vectors we write it as follows.
The above expression is the vector in Cartesian coordinates.
ˆ ˆcos sinA A x A y
A
VectorsUnit vectors• Adding vectors -to add two or more vectors,
we resolve them using unit vectors as described above, add the terms multiplied by together, and add the terms multiplied by together. The resultant vector is expressed in Cartesian coordinates.
yx
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