verbs h2013
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Language Course 1:
VerbsAccess to International English
Fiona Jane Ellingsen H2013
08.04.23 1
Verbets Tider
Det største problemet:- å unngå å skifte tid - spesielt i stiler om roman, novelle
eller film
Årsak:
• en historie du ser eller leser har alltid sin egen tidsreferanse
• men du leser den NÅ.
08.04.23 3
:Derfor
• sjekk alltid hvilken tid du bruker• sørg for at den ikke endres
Tenses
• The term tensetense means the way verbs change to express the time in which the action takes place.
08.04.23 5
Hvilke tider – Which Tense?:
• Present tense: nåtid• Past tense: fortid• Future tense: fremtid
– før nåtid (perfektum)• He has gone now.
– før fortid (pluskvamperfektum)• He had gone when we arrived
Present simple
Past simple
A finished action in the past
I played football in 2010
x2010
NOW
Present Perfect Simple
The unfinished past
I have played football since 2010
2010
NOW
Past Perfect Simple
Two or more events in the past
I had played football until 2010 but /when /…/
2010
NOW
playedAre you still playing?NO ? YES?
Future simple
Aspect
• The aspectaspect of a verb is determined by whether the action is on-going or completed.
08.04.23 12
Present continuous
NOWDecision made in the past
Play football
I’m playing football for Tottenham
I will continue to pIay football. I am playing
football.
Past continuous
NOW
I’ve been playing football all afternoon
I have been playing football all afternoon
Future continuous
NOW
I’ll been playing football all afternoon
I will be playing football tomorrow
Past Continuous
Sequencing two past actions
When you rang yesterday, I was playing football
NOW
You rang
I was playing football
Concord – Predicate Rule
A grammatical agreement between subject and verb
Eksempler:The boy_ walks to school every day
The girls walk_ to school every day
– Finn flere eks.
Kort regel: det er nok med en -s fordelt på subjekt og verbal
Regelen er med andre ord svært enkel, men det er to
problemer :
• Å huske å plassere en -s på enten subjektet eller verbalen når man skriver
• Å vite om subjektet er et entallsord eller flertallsord
practiceNow, it’s your turn to practice!
International Language School
Problem 1:Hvordan huske…?
Lag en liste:
– ting du har problemer med
Problem 1:Hvilket ”tall” har subjektet
Hva er et subjekt?• det er et substantiv eller noe som brukes i
stedet for et substantiv - for eksempel et pronomen (”som substantiv” på latin).
Pronomener: Ubestemte
• another, each, either, neither …• sammensatte av: some-, any-, no- + -body,
one, -thing
• tar alltid entall av verbet (nesten), men av og til flertall av pronomen som peker tilbake på dem– eks.: Has everybody read their mail?
Skille tellelige og utellelige substantiv –(Countable / Uncountable) for eksempel:
Dollar (s) / money
• utellelig entall av verbet, for eksempel:Money is ….
• men:Dollars are
Substantiv
08.04.23 25
Noen substantiver er -
• tellelige på norsk, ikke på engelsk
• bare flertall eller bare entall
• flertall i form, men entall i betydning
• entall i form, flertall i betydning
• like i entall og flertall (ikke problem)
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NB! Utellelige på engelsk:
• Advice• Business• Furniture• Information• Knowledge• News• Money• Work
• I need some good advice.• He does business with us.• That is a nice piece of
furniture.• This information is reliable.• Your knowledge of English
is good.• No news is good news.• This money is not worth
counting.• The work is already in
progress.
08.04.23 27
Flere utellelige:•cash, •evidence, •homework, •interest (renter), •permission, •scenery, •bread (two loaves of -), •luggage, •baggage
08.04.23 28
Kun Flertall
• Two halves: binoculars, glasses / spectacles, jeans, pants, pyjamas, scissors, shorts, tights, trousers, tweezers– Used with: A pair of...
• Noen ubestemte pronomen: both, many, few, several, others
08.04.23 29
Entalls betydning, Flertalls form
•measles•pains•physics•mathematics (maths)•works– Eks.: She was good at mathematics
08.04.23 30
Entalls form, flertalls betydning :
• cattle• clergy• police• public
Eks.: Eks.: • The cattle are grazing in the paddock.The cattle are grazing in the paddock.• We rang the police. They came at once. We rang the police. They came at once. • A policeA policemanman - two police - two policemenmen..
08.04.23 31
Både entalls- og flertallsbetydning:
• people• family• crew• party• government• team
Når du tenker på gruppen som helhet entallMEN de enkelte personer innen gruppen
flertall eks.: they are)
08.04.23 32
Med flertalls betydning:• people: There were a lot of people present. They are
working hard.
• family: The family (= they) were sitting around the table.
• crew: The crew (= they) were discussing their wages.
• party: The Labour Party (= they) have voted for him.
• Disse substantivene brukes med flertalls betydning når vi tenker på at gruppen er sammensatt av enkeltpersoner. Pronomen som viser tilbake på dem, må da vare i 3. person flertall (they, them, their, theirs).
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Med entalls betydning:• people: People of the world unite ! (= it unites)
• family: The family (= it) comes from France.
• crew,: The crew (= it) comes from the Australian boat ”Fanfare” .
• party: The Conservative Party (= it) is against the plan.
• Når gruppene betraktes som en enhet, har disse ordene entalls betydning. Pronomen: it, its.
08.04.23 34
Lik form i entall og flertall:
• Noen fisk og dyr:– deer, salmon, trout
• Dessuten (f.eks):– aircraft, dice, data, headquarters, series, species
– sammenhengen bestemmer verbalens tall
Time for a break
International Language School
Historical Present
• The Historical Present Historical Present describes the past as if it were happening now
• The use of the historical present may be an effective device if you are writing fiction BUT
• You can also get very confused about where you are in time… BE VERY CAREFUL
08.04.23 36
Historical PresentExamples:
• I hear you resigned• In jokes and imaginative writing it gives
dramatic immediacydramatic immediacy: The battle rages all around him (dear reader) We see the brave Captain Francis Drake standing by the wheel with the Spanish Amada burning as he continued to attack and destroy the Spanish fleet. As the fighting ends…..
08.04.23 37
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