vertebrates. english
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SCIENCE 6. UNIT 5. VERTEBRATES. C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
CONTENTS:
1.- Characteristics of vertebrates.
2.– Classification:
2.1.– Fish
2.2.– Reptiles
2.3.– Amphibians
2.4.– Birds
2.5.– Mammals
VERTEBRATES are animals with a backbone.
They have an internal skeleton formed by bones and a spinal
column. Their body is divided in head, trunk and limbs.
USEFUL WORDS:
.– skeleton .– backbone .– head .– trunk
.– limbs .– aquatic .– terrestrial .– scales
.– feathers .– fur .– skin .– limbs
.– fin .– wing .– gill .– lung
.– herbivore .– carnivore .– omnivore
.– oviparous .– viviparous .– metamorphosis
.- warm blooded .– cold blooded
1.– CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRATES:
Vertebrates have some common characteristics:
1.– They are multicellular organisms.
2.- They have bones that form a skeleton with a
backbone. 3.– They are heterotroph organisms (consumers).
4.– Their body is divided in head, trunk and limbs.
5.– They can be aquatic or terrestrial.
2.– CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATES:
Scientists study vertebrates and they classify them depending of some common characteristics. We are going to
study them thinking in several aspects like:
1.– Habitat: so they can be terrestrial or aquatic.
2.– Body shape:
.– They can be covered by scales, feathers, skin, fur…
.– Their limbs: fins, wings, legs…
3.– Body systems:
.– Circulatory system: cold or warm blooded…
.– Respiratory system: gills, lungs, skin…
4.– Food: they can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores...
5.– Reproduction: Oviparous, viviparous, undergo a metamorphosis...
We divide VERTEBRATES into five groups: Fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals.
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Habitat Body shape Body systems Food Reproduction Examples
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Covered by:
Scales
Feathers
Skin
Fur...
Circulatory:
Cold blooded
Warm blooded
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Oviparous
Viviparous
Metamorphosis
Fish: shark
Reptile: snake
Amphibian: frog
Bird: eagle
Mammal: lion
Limbs:
Fins / wings / legs Respiratory:
Gills / lungs / skin
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C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
FISH are aquatic, with fins to move and covered by scales.
They have gills to breath, and they are cold blooded.
They can be herbivore or carnivore, and they are oviparous.
USEFUL WORDS:
.– aquatic .– scales .– swim bladder
.– fin .– gill .– cold blooded
.– oviparous .– herbivore / carnivore / omnivore
2.1.– FISH:
There are so many species of fish in the planet, that they are very different in many ways (shape, size, way of living
and feeding…) But they have lots of important things in common:
1.– Habitat: They live in water, in rivers and lakes (fresh water) or in the seas and oceans. So they are aquatic.
2.– Body shape: They have a body designed to move in the water. They are covered by scales and have fins and a
swim bladder to move.
3.– Body systems: .- They have gills to breath. They get oxygen disolved in the water.
.– They are cold blooded, so they can’t regulate their body temperature.
4.– Food: some fish eat small particles floating in the water, or algae, and other are carnivore and eat other fish.
5.– Reproduction: they are oviparous, with external fertilisation. They lay lots of eggs, because only a few will be-
come in adults.. The rest of little individuals will be eaten by other fish.
Habitat Body shape Body systems Food Reproduction Examples
Aquatic Covered by scales
Swim bladder Circulatory:
Cold blooded
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Oviparous Fish: shark
Limbs:
Fins Respiratory:
Gills
Dorsal fin
Caudal fin (Tail)
Pelvic fins Anal fin Pectoral fins
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C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
USEFUL WORDS:
.– lizard .– venomous .– shell-carapace
.– trunk .– limb .– tail
.– nostrils .– claws .– venom duct
.– fang .– rattlesnake .– plastron
2.1.– REPTILES:
There are many species of reptiles in the planet. They are very different in many ways (shape, size, way of living
and feeding…) But they have lots of important things in common:
1.– Habitat: They live in water and on land. So they can be aquatic and terrestrial.
2.– Body shape: There are different types:
.– Sauria: with four legs, dry skin formed by scales like lizards…
.– Crocodiles: with four legs, very hard scales and a strong mouth plenty of teeth. (crocodiles, aligators…)
.– Turtles: With four legs, dry skin and a shell to protect their bodies: turtle, tortoises…
.– Snakes: without legs, dry skin formed by scales like snakes... (Some of them are venomous).
3.– Body systems: .- They have lungs to breath, so they get oxygen from the air.
.– They are cold blooded, so they can’t regulate their body temperature, and many of
them are inactive during cold weather in winter.
4.– Food: They usually have teeth in their mouth. Most of them are carnivore.
5.– Reproduction: they are oviparous, with internal fertilisation. They lay eggs on land. Some species take care of
them and others don’t.
Habitat Body shape Body systems Food Reproduction Examples
Aquatic and
terrestrial
Covered by scales,
plates and shell for
protection
Circulatory:
Cold blooded
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Oviparous Reptiles:
.- Sauria: lizard,
.– Crocodile.
.– Turtle
.– Snakes
Limbs:
With /without legs Respiratory:
lungs
HEAD Nostrils
Mouth
Eye
Ear
TRUNK
TAIL
Short legs
Toes with claws
Venom duct Venom duct
Muscle
Venom gland
Fang LIZARD
RATTLESNAKE
HEAD
REPTILES are aquatic and terrestrial. Some of them have four legs and others don’t have legs.
They are covered by scales or a shell. They have lungs to breath, and they are cold blooded.
They can be herbivore, carnivore or omnivore, and they are oviparous.
They have an internal skeleton formed by bones and a spinal column. Their body is divided
in head, trunk and limbs.
HEAD Eye
Beak
Neck
Shell (carapace)
Plastron
Tail Legs with claws
scales
TURTLE
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4 C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
AMPHIBIANS are aquatic and terrestrial, with 4 legs and covered by naked skin.
They have gills to breath (when young), later, breath through lungs and skin. They
are cold blooded.
They are carnivore, and they are oviparous.
Eggs develop in tadpoles, and later they will change into adults (metamorphosis)
USEFUL WORDS:
.– smooth skin .– tadpole .– metamorphosis
2.1.– AMPHIBIANS:
There are many different species of amphibians in the planet, with different shape, size, way of living, habitat…).
But they have lots of important things in common:
1.– Habitat: They live in the water and on land, near rivers and lakes (fresh water) So they are aquatic and terrestrial
at the same time.
2.– Body shape: They have four legs and some of them with a tail. They are covered by smooth skin without scales.
They need to mantain the skin wet, so they need to place near water and they have glands that produce mucus.
3.– Body systems:
.- They have gills when they are young. When adults, they breath with lungs and through wet skin.
.– They are cold blooded, so they can’t regulate their body temperature and many of them are inactive
during cold weather in winter.
4.– Food: They eat insects, so they are carnivorous.
5.– Reproduction: they are oviparous, with external fertilisation. Females lay lots of eggs that are fertilised by males
into water. Eggs produce tadpoles (similar to fish). At the beginning, they breath through gills. Later, they develop
legs, lungs and finally they lose their tail. This process is called metamorphosis.
Habitat Body shape Body systems Food Reproduction Examples
Aquatic
and
terrestrial
Covered by
smooth skin Circulatory:
Cold blooded
Carnivores
Oviparous Amphibians: Frog, toad, salamander
Limbs:
legs Respiratory:
Gills, lungs and skin
Eggs—tadpoles— adult
ADULT FROG
Frog with eggs
Tadpole
Tadpole (2 legs)
Tadpole (4 legs)
Eye
Nostrils
Ear
Smooth skin
Membrane for swimming
Strong legs for jumping
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C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
BIRDS are terrestrial, with wings to fly, and covered by feathers.
They have lungs to breath, and they are warm blooded.
They can be herbivore, carnivore or omnivore, and they are oviparous.
They have an internal skeleton formed by bones and a spinal column.
Their body is divided in head, body and limbs (wings and legs).
USEFUL WORDS:
.– wing .– air sacs .– beak .– nest
2.1.– BIRDS:
There are many species of birds in the planet, and they are very different (shape, size, way of living, feeding…) But
they have lots of important things in common:
1.– Habitat: They live on land, so they are terrestrial. Most can fly, but there are exceptions like penguins that can’t
fly but can swim or ostriches that can’t fly but they can run very fast.
2.– Body shape: They have a body designed to fly. They have 2 wings, they are covered by feathers (light and
strong to support their body in the air). They have got air sacs and empty bones to be lighter. And they have a beak
and legs adapted to get food.
3.– Body systems: .- They have lungs to breath.
.– They are warm blooded, so they can regulate their body temperature.
4.– Food: They can be herbivores, (ostriches eat leaves, roots or seeds from plants), carnivores like eagles, or omni-
vores like sparrows (that can eat insects, seeds…)
5.– Reproduction: they are oviparous with internal fertilisation. They usually build nest to lay eggs, and take care of
young individuals for a long time.
Habitat Body shape Body systems Food Reproduction Examples
Terrestrial Covered by feathers
Air sacks Circulatory:
Warm blooded
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Oviparous Birds:
eagles, dove...
Limbs:
2 Wings Respiratory:
Lungs
beak
breast
Legs with claws
wing
tail
head
eye
SPARROW
Beak of a carnivore
(Eagle)
Beak of a seed predator
(Dove)
Beak of an insectivore (Bee-eater)
TYPES OF BEAKS
Beak of a fisher bird
(White stork)
belly
air sacs
air sacs
air sacs
traquea
lungs
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C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
MAMMALS are mostly terrestrial, with 4 legs and they are covered by fur.
They have lungs to breath, and they are warm-blooded.
They can be herbivore, carnivore and omnivore.
They are viviparous and females have breasts to feed newborns.
They have internal skeleton formed by bones. Their body is divided in head, trunk and limbs.
USEFUL WORDS:
.– fur .– skin
.– breasts .– placentals
.– marsupials .– monotremes
2.1.– MAMMALS:
There are many species of mammals, most of them live on land, but there are some of them (whales) that live in wa-
ter, or a few of them can fly (bats). They have lots of important things in common:
1.– Habitat: Most of them live on land, only a few can fly (bats) and only a few live in water (dolphins, whales…)
2.– Body shape: Terrestrial ones have 4 limbs with different forms to move or do different actions (eating,
digging…). They are covered by fur, or skin to keep body temperature.
3.– Body systems: .– All of them have lungs to breath.
.– They are warm-blooded, so they can regulate their body temperature.
4.– Food: there are herbivore (horse), carnivore (lion) and omnivore (bear).
5.– Reproduction: they are viviparous, with internal fertilisation. Females develop babies inside their bodies, and
later they give bird a new individual. Females have breasts to feed newborns.
Habitat Body shape Body systems Food Reproduction Examples
Mostly
terrestrial
Covered by fur
or skin Circulatory:
Warm blooded
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Viviparous
Females have
breasts
Mammals: Terrestrial: rabbit, dog…
Aquatic: dolphin, whale
Can fly: bat
Limbs:
4 legs
(or 2 arms & 2 legs)
Respiratory:
Lungs
DOG There are three types of reproduction in mam-
mals:
1.– PLACENTALS: (viviparous).
Retain babies into the uterus for long periods of
development: lion, giraffe, whale…
2.– MARSUPIALS: (viviparous).
Give birth to incompletely developed fetuses,
which mature in mother’s pouch: kangaroos…
3.– MONOTREMES: (oviparous).
Lay eggs: platypus
1.- PLACENTALS: Lion
2.– MARSUPIALS: Kangaroo
3.– MONOTREMES: Platypus
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