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Page 2
Welcome to Bitmovin’s Video Developer Report!
First and foremost, I’d like to thank everyone for making the 2017 Video
Developer Survey possible! Without the great support and participation of the
video developer community, we would not be able to create this report and
share the insights into how developers around the globe work with video. With
380 survey submissions from over 50 countries, this report aims to give an
overview of the status of video technology in 2017, as well as a vision into what
will be important to video developers in the next 12 months.
We hope this report provides helpful information. We have already learned a lot,
and are looking forward to the 2018 Video Developer Survey a year from now!
Best Regards,
Stefan Lederer
CEO, Bitmovin
Stefan Lederer
Key findings
Apple HLS is the dominant format in video streaming in 2017, but the
format people are looking to in the next 12 months is MPEG-DASH.
HEVC is the video codec most people are planning to use in the next 12
months, but VP9 and AV1 are also growing in popularity.
Software encoders are the most popular encoders, used either on-premise
or in the cloud.
Cloud encoding is more popular in North America than in Europe.
More than a third monetize their online video with subscription models.
45% use some form of encryption or DRM protection.
Half of the developers with ad requirements are using a Server-Side Ad
Insertion solution.
HTML5 is now by far the dominant platform for video playback.
OTT devices like Roku, Chromecast, Apple TV and Amazon Fire TV have
significant regional differences in adoption.
Page 4
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
78%
HLS
MPE
G-DA
SH
RTM
P
Smoo
th
Stre
amin
gPr
ogre
ssiv
e St
ream
ing
Adob
e HD
S
MPE
G-CM
AF
Oth
er
56%
37%26% 25%
12%6% 2%
In 2017 Apple’s HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) is the most
popular streaming format. This makes sense, as one
can reach all devices with HLS as long as you don’t need
DRM protection. In the popularity rank, it is followed
by MPEG-DASH, which is required once you need to
use DRM across different browsers and platforms.
Progressive Streaming (simple MP4 files) are still used
by a quarter of the participants as a fallback for older
browsers. Legacy formats, like HDS, Smooth Streaming
and RTMP are getting phased out, although RTMP is still
popular in contribution feeds as well as in low-latency
use cases, like betting.
Which streaming formats are you currently using?
Q1. Streaming Formats
Note: The questions in the survey are multiple choice, multiple answer, and therefore will not add up to 100%.
Page 5
MPE
G-CM
AF
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
24%
HLS
MPE
G-DA
SH
RTM
P
Smoo
th
Stre
amin
gPr
ogre
ssiv
e St
ream
ing
Adob
e HD
S
31%
8% 7% 6% 4%
19%
Most video developers in the survey are looking to
use MPEG-DASH, followed by HLS. HLS is especially
interesting for many people as it now supports HEVC
on MacOS and iOS devices, as well as fMP4 segments,
which are supported directly by HTML5 without re-
multiplexing in JavaScript. A rising star on the list is
MPEG-CMAF, the new streaming format that aims to
harmonize HLS and DASH. Stay tuned to see the results
in the next year’s survey.
Which streaming formats are you planning to use in the next 12 months?
Q1. Streaming Formats
Regional variations in streaming formats
North America
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
75%
HLS
MPE
G-DA
SH
RTM
P
Smoo
th
Stre
amin
gPr
ogre
ssiv
e St
ream
ing
Adob
e HD
S
MPE
G-CM
AF
Oth
er
46%
42%
20%26%
8%3% 2%
EMEA
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%85%
HLS
MPE
G-DA
SH
RTM
P
Smoo
th
Stre
amin
gPr
ogre
ssiv
e St
ream
ing
Adob
e HD
S
MPE
G-CM
AF
Oth
er
58%
38%32%
27%
12%6% 1%
Interestingly, we don’t see any real difference in the
streaming formats between regions. While EMEA has
the highest concentration of HLS streams, at whopping
85%, and APAC leads in MPEG-DASH adoption with
almost 70% of participants reporting using the format;
the distribution of formats looks surprisingly similar.
100%
LATAM
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
74%
HLS
MPE
G-DA
SH
RTM
P
Smoo
th
Stre
amin
gPr
ogre
ssiv
e St
ream
ing
Adob
e HD
S
MPE
G-CM
AF
Oth
er
53%
42%32%
11%5%
0%5%
APAC
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 72%
HLS
MPE
G-DA
SH
RTM
P
Smoo
th
Stre
amin
gPr
ogre
ssiv
e St
ream
ing
Adob
e HD
S
MPE
G-CM
AF
Oth
er
69%
38%28% 31%
19%
6% 6%
Page 8
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 95%
H.26
4 /
AVC
H.26
5 /
HEV
C
VP9
AV1
Oth
er
28%
10% 6% 1%
The dominant video codec among survey participants is
definitely H.264/AVC, at 95% adoption. It is supported
by nearly every platform that is used by consumers
today; the 5% not using H.264 maybe for playback on
older set-top boxes or other niche use cases.
Interesting to see that 28% already use HEVC! Whatever
the use case, these organizations are definitely ready for
the upcoming HEVC support on iOS and Mac. Android
has had support for HEVC playback in native apps for
some time, as well as with set-top boxes in closed loop
systems where people control the encoder and the
playback device, and Android TVs.
VP9 arrives in production as well in 2017, especially to
reach browsers like Chrome, Firefox, Microsoft Edge,
and Android devices. With a more efficient compression
than H.264, it can deliver better quality videos for the
same amount of data, or use less data while maintaining
the same visual quality. Netflix is using VP9 codec for
their downloadable content, keeping bandwidth usage
low and saving on CDN costs.
Interestingly, 6% of the responders already use AV1.
This is surprising, as the codec is still in the creation. We
assume that video developers are checking out this new
codec now, to be ready for its released at the end of 2017.
Which video codecs are you using currently?
Q2. Video Codecs
Page 9
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
H.26
5 /
HEV
C
VP9
AV1
40%
18% 14%
Not surprising, in the next 12 months, most video
developers are looking into HEVC. Probably because
Apple has announced their support for HEVC with HLS
on the new iOS 11 and MacOS High Sierra. Similarly,
Android already supports HEVC, so we are looking
forward to a future with higher encoding efficiency and
better quality on mobile video applications.
In terms of Web browsers, currently only Microsoft Edge
and Safari has support for HEVC, while Firefox, Chrome
and Edge support VP9. This explains the importance of
VP9 for a lot of developers in the next 12 Months. When
it comes to AV1, the next 12 months will be extremely
interesting, as the AV1 bitstream gets frozen and the
codec will be officially released at the end of 2017.
Which video codecs are you planning to use in the next 12 months?
Q2. Video Codecs
Page 10
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
54%
Softw
are
On-
Prem
ise
Hard
war
e
Softw
are
- Clo
ud
Clou
d En
codi
ng S
ervi
ce
Man
aged
On-
Prem
ise
46%34%
24%
7%
Q3. Where You Encode
Page 11
In terms of video encoding - “software eats the world”
(to quote Marc Andreessen, the famous venture
capitalist and developer of the Mosaic Web browser).
The majority of the video developers in our survey
report using software encoders, either on local on-
premise hardware, or in the cloud. Software encoders
include commercial encoders as well as open source
tools such as ffmpeg, x264, and others, for Live as well
as On-Demand use cases.
Software is followed by the cloud, as an infrastructure
layer for video encoding, either self hosted, using a
software encoder, or on a SaaS model.
Hardware encoders are still very popular, especially
for live streaming use cases. However, we expect this
number to go down further in the next year, as software
encoders continue gaining in popularity with benefits of
scalability, flexibility and rapid deployment.
Where do you encode video?
Q3. Where You Encode
Regional variations in encoding deployments
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
51%
Softw
are
On-
Prem
ise
Hard
war
e
Softw
are
- Clo
ud
Clou
d En
codi
ng
Serv
ice
Man
aged
On-
Prem
ise
42%34% 30%
8%
North America
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
61%
Softw
are
On-
Prem
ise
Hard
war
e
Softw
are
- Clo
ud
Clou
d En
codi
ng
Serv
ice
Man
aged
On-
Prem
ise48%
27%17%
4%
EMEA
We see an interesting difference here between the North
America + EMEA regions, where software encoder on-
premise is the most popular deployment, vs. LATAM and
APAC regions where hardware encoders have higher
popularity. There is also a significant difference between
the usage of Cloud Encoding Services in North America,
where 30% of the respondents use them, vs. Europe,
where only 17 % encode with cloud-based services.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
50%So
ftwar
e
On-
Prem
ise
Hard
war
e
Softw
are
- Clo
ud
Clou
d En
codi
ng
Serv
ice
Man
aged
On-
Prem
ise
56%
41%
25%
6%
APAC
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
47%
Softw
are
On-
Prem
ise
Hard
war
e
Softw
are
- Clo
ud
Clou
d En
codi
ng
Serv
ice
Man
aged
On-
Prem
ise
63%
32%26%
5%
LATAM
Page 14
It’s great to see that HTML5 is by far the most popular
platform for video playback, and that only 36% of the
developers still leverage Flash or Silverlight plugins. The
second most popular platforms, after HTML5, are the
native mobile players on Android and iOS. Mobile video
delivery has become a key focus for developers, as video
publishers are eager to support the growing numbers of
viewers on mobile devices.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
62%
Flas
h /
Silv
erlig
ht
Nat
ive
Andr
oid
/ iO
S
HTM
L5
Chro
mec
ast
Appl
e TV
Nat
ive
SDKs
/ HT
ML5
Roku
Amaz
on F
ire T
V
Oth
er
89%
34% 32% 31%22%
4%
19%
36%
Which platforms and video players do you currently use for your content?
Q4. Platforms and Players
When it comes to OTT devices like Amazon Fire TV,
Chromecast, Roku and AppleTV, we see notable regional
differences. While Amazon Fire, Roku, Apple TV and
Chromecast are all popular OTT streaming platforms
in North America, Chromecast is the most popular OTT
platform in Latin America. At the same time, Amazon
Fire TV is not used much in LATAM and Roku has a low
distribution in EMEA.
Regional variations in OTT adoption
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
41%AP
AC
EMEA
LATA
M
Nor
Am
37%47%
31%
Chromecast
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
34%
APAC
EMEA
LATA
M
Nor
Am
27% 21%38%
Apple TV
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
19%
APAC
EMEA
LATA
M
Nor
Am
8%
32% 35%
Roku
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
19%
APAC
EMEA
LATA
M
Nor
Am
15%5%
24%
Amazon FireTV
Page 16
HLS
AES-
128
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
44%
DASH
Pla
y-Re
ady
DASH
Wid
evin
e M
odul
ar
HLS
Fairp
lay
DASH
Ado
be
Prim
eTim
e HLS
Sam
ple-
AES
Non
e
Oth
er
44%38%
8% 8%
65%
10%
43%
We see that 35% of the video developers apply some
form of content protection on the streams they deliver.
Whether using basic encryption, like AES-128, or
Hollywood-grade DRM (Digital Rights Management)
protection, like Widevine Modular and Microsoft
Fairplay, content security is a necessary part of today’s
video streaming business.
MPEG-DASH has significantly simplified the
complexities of implementing a multi-DRM workflow,
applying the right DRM schema to fit the end-user
device and browser.
Which DRM systems do you use?
Q5. DRM Systems
Page 17
More than a third of survey participants monetize
their online video deployments using subscription
based models. Subscription model generates the
most predictable recurring revenue stream and is
more popular choice for OTT streaming services. Ad-
supported models are very common for online video
distribution, especially among broadcasters, digital
publishers and social media companies that want to
get their content in front of a wide audience. Finally,
transactional/PPV model is a popular choice for
supplementing ad-supported and subscription models,
in fact, 17% of participants report using a hybrid
approach to video monetization.
Which monetization model do you follow?
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
36%
Subs
crip
tions
/ SV
OD
Ads /
AVO
D
Tran
sact
iona
l /
PPV
Hybr
id
Oth
er
26%20% 17%
12%
Q6. Monetization Models
Page 18
In terms of audio formats, we see one clearly dominating
format with AAC. It surprised us to see MP3 beeing
used by 43% of the developers. This might be a result
of MP3 being used for legacy HLS streams, older
Smooth Streaming or RTMP streams or audio-only
progressive streams. Dolby Digital and Dolby Digital
Plus are primarily used in premium use cases on set-top
boxes and TVs, where the user has the necessary audio
hardware to appreciate the premium sound quality. The
open source codecs Vorbis and Opus are not widely used
by the survey participants.
Dolb
y Di
gita
l
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
42%
MP3
AAC
Dolb
y Di
gita
l Plu
s
Vorb
is
Opu
s
Oth
er
90%
13% 8% 5% 3%
21%
Which audio codecs do you use?
Q7. Audio Codecs
Page 19
VMAPIM
A
VPAI
D
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
16%In
sert
ion
/ Dyn
amic
Ad
Repl
acem
ent
VAST
Non
e
Oth
er
33%27%
15%
53%
3%11%
Nearly half of the video developers are using
standardized advertising technologies for their
deployments. Among the advertising standards, VAST
is the most common way of serving ads in video, due
to its simplicity and support by most ad-providers and
video players. It is very noteworthy that half of the
developers with ad requirements have a Server-Side Ad
Insertion / Dynamic Ad Replacement solution in place,
which generally requires more complex workflows and
systems.
What type of ad standard technology are you using today?
Q8. Advertising Technology
Page 20
CDN
issu
es
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27%
Play
er is
sues
Play
back
on
all d
evic
es
DRM
Ads i
n ge
nera
lSe
rver
-Sid
e Ad
Inse
rtio
n
Ad-B
lock
ers
49% 45%
21% 17% 15%27%
Q9. The Biggest Pain Points
Page 21
When we asked the survey participants about the biggest
problems they are experiencing with online video, the
answer was very clear - Video Playback and Player.
This might be a result of the trend towards HTML5-
based playback; while in most cases HTML5 significantly
simplifies online video, using the MSE/EME is definitely
more challenging than other ecosystems, like Flash or
Silverlight. On top of this, video is consumed on more
and more different platforms, which all come with their
own special problems.
After player and playback issues, we see the other
classical pains and problems video developers face on
a daily basis: CDNs, Ads, and DRM, which are all fairly
equally distributed. We would expect that video playback
and player are a big challenge, but it is surprising to see
that this is a bigger problem than DRM, Ads or CDN.
However, it makes sense, once you consider that all
those other problems involve playback, making it the
focus for many people.
What are the biggest problems that you are experiencing with video technology today?
Q9. The Biggest Pain Points
Page 22
A survey is an aggregate of opinions expressed by its
participants. The Bitmovin Developer Survey has voices
from a wide swath of the online video industry players,
from broadcasters and publishers, to OTT streaming
services and online video platforms (OVPs).
75% of the participants come from technical roles, like
developers & product managers, 23% are in business
roles and 2% are in research.
Interestingly, there is an almost equal distribution
between participants operating live and on-demand
content, and many, obviously, work with both.
Survey participants
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Live
OnD
eman
d
58% 60%
Page 23
Research 2%
Other 31%Social Media 2%
Integrator 13%
OVP 16%
Publisher 9%
Telco/Cable 3% OTT Service 13%
Broadcaster 13%
Business 23%
CTO 7%
System Architect 9%
Engr Manager 13%Product 11%
Developer 35%
Survey participants by job title
Survey participants by industry
Bitmovin is a leading provider of video infrastructure
for forward-thinking media companies around the
world. The company has been at the forefront of every
significant development in online video - from building
the world’s first commercial adaptive streaming Player
for DASH/HLS/fMP4, to implementing next generation
AV1 codec and deploying the first software-defined
encoding service that runs anywhere: cloud, on-premise
or hybrid through Kubernetes and Docker. We work with
companies in over 100 countries to build innovative
video products. Bitmovin solutions are completely
in-house developed, highly customizable to fit with
existing workflows and easy to integrate. To find out
more about Bitmovin’s video infrastructure solutions
visit our website bitmovin.com.
About Bitmovin
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